1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
——题记
一
夜已经很深了,黑蓝色的天幕上一颗颗星星眨巴着眼睛。刚刚上完晚自习的高三学生背着书包骑着自行车在黑漆漆的马路上穿梭,那一双双黯淡的眼睛中写满疲惫。巷口处一位老爷爷还在收着路边的小摊。一名学生骑着自行车进入小巷的瞬间,一盏灯照亮了他前进的道路。回过头一看,原来是老爷爷拿着一盏闪着微弱灯光的小电灯照亮道路。小巷口的灯光,黑夜的灯光,我想我永远忘不了这一道情的风景线。
二
“一、二、三、四,跟我一起滑。”又逢星期六,爷爷奶奶带着自己的`一对无比可爱的孙子、孙女来到江滩上跟着老师学滑冰。孙子、孙女虽然还是脚法稚嫩,可是总算站得还稳。看着自己的宝贝们在不断成才,爷爷奶奶的脸上写满了兴奋与骄傲,可是神色之中还是流露着担心。小心呀!孩子们,别摔胶了,爷爷奶奶真是为你们担心!
正在这里,只听得“嗵”的一声,两个孩子重重地摔在冰面上。顿时,他们的眼眶里闪着泪光。看着心肝宝贝摔得如此可怜,爷爷想去拉他们一把,可墙上的提示赫然映入眼帘:
亲爱的家长,希望您能放开手,让摔倒的孩子自己爬起来!
爷爷停住了脚步,示意孙子们自己站起来。
孩子们的自立,是一道亮丽而又充满无限爱的风景线。
三
“你过来一点,好!我要准备照相了!”摄影师指挥着一批刚毕业的大学生在武汉大学校门口合影留念,尽管天气炎热,每个人都满头大汗,可是对于即将离开的母校,对于即将分别的同学业,他们都是笑容满面。我想,他们的脑海中浮现的,一定是美好的未来,还有新的征程……
在不久的将来,也许我会站在其中,站在人生的第一个终点,也是人生的起点上,为自己加油!
后记
其实人间处处有风景,当你拥有一双善于留心生活的眼睛时,你会发现生活中所有的美,所有的风景!
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
今天上午,爸爸带我到襄阳公园游玩儿。
走近公园,大门两侧各蹲着一只石狮,好像威风凛凛的将军看守着大门,栩栩如生。门楣上有“襄阳公园”四个大字,两旁镌刻着一副对联:“八百亩城池知是何年图画,数千年古墙尽归此处楼台”。
进了大门,迎面是一座大花坛,“襄阳好风日”五个大红字,好像在欢迎我们的到来。花坛里,盛开着五颜六色的花,红得似火,粉的\'如霞,白的胜雪,黄的赛金,美丽极了。花香引来了许多小蜜蜂,忙着采花蜜,还有一只只小黄蝶在花丛中飞舞,像金黄色的落叶。
沿着蜿蜒的小路,我们来到护城河,各式各样的小船在河面游曳,有鸭子形的,有龙形的,还有亭阁形的……倒影在河面上。有的人在船上欣赏着美丽如画的风景,有的儿童在船上尽兴地蹦来蹦去,还有的老爷爷在船上悠闲地钓鱼。有时我们还会看到成群结队的小鱼儿,在水中游来游去,一会儿游到这儿,一会游到那儿,好像在和我们嬉戏。河岸一排婀娜的杨柳,随风摇曳,好像在向游人展示自己优美的身姿……
襄阳公园真是风景优美、景色宜人的好地方!
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