1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
今天我看了一幅漫画,我有深刻的体会和感想。
这幅漫画画了一个瞎眼的老人就要掉进井里,在他身旁的一位中年人,正在用电话告诉电视台,老人却一步步的走向井。
看了这幅漫画后我感到很气愤。难道那个中年人真的可以这样眼睁睁的看着老人跌入井里吗?这中年人可真没善心,看着老人要掉进井里,不但不去阻止,还在为那一百多块的报料费多打电话。他可能是想从中得到益处,可是他也不想一想,自己得到钱了,老人却会受伤,甚至会有生命危险。
在生活中,我也见过这样的事。有一次,我正在回家的\'路上,看到一位老婆婆的包被一个十几岁的青年抢走了。当时只有一个人去追,几个人却在打电话。我走近一听,他们正在给电视台打电话。我顿时惊呆了,人们不是应该互相帮助的吗?
我非常生气,社会不是个人,人人都为了钱丧失理智,那就可怕了﹗我在这想说:人与人之间应该互相帮助,不是从他人身上取得利益。我们不是他人的摇钱树,我们应是一家人!
看了这幅漫画,使我感触很深:在这个社会上有许多不孝子,而大多的不孝子都是惯出来的。
正如第一幅图,一位年轻的妈妈正把鱼头留给自己,把鱼肉让给身旁的小男孩,很显然小男孩是她的孩子。而第二幅图,仍是那个小男孩,而且已经长大成人了。旁边坐的那位老人显然是他的妈妈。老人正惊讶地望着他心爱的儿子,而小青年呢?正夹着鱼头给妈妈,而鱼肉留给自己。
像这样的不孝子还有很多,他们道德败坏,忘恩负义。冷落甚至打骂含辛如苦把他们养大的父母,有些甚至把父母赶出家门,认为他们老了不中用了,只会白吃东西。可是他们没有想到:是谁给了他们生命?是谁不辞辛苦地把他们养大?是他们的父母啊!他们这样作对得起辛辛苦苦把他们养大的父母吗?像这样的孩子应当受到社会的责备!同时也应该引起年轻父母的重视:让孩子从小养成尊老爱幼的好习惯。
《暖春》记述的是主人公花儿被老爷爷收养后在爷爷家生活中的故事。花儿从小便失去了双亲,之后有受不了养父养母的虐待而逃离,来到又一个小山村,并在村前饿昏了过去。后来她被小山村里的人捡了回去,可村里人都因不愿增添家庭负担而不肯收留她,在这时,一个家庭不太富裕的老爷爷却顶着人们的议论与子女的\'不理解将花儿领回了家。从此,花儿便开始了一波三折的生活,并三番五次地被她的婶娘送走。为了让孩子上学,善良的爷爷还上山砍柳编筐卖钱,一次还遇上大雨生了重病。在老爷爷的坚持,花儿的善良,婶娘的良心发现下,最终他们一家人和好了。十几年后的花儿还成为了一名大学生,成了小山村里的第一个大学生……
在电影中最让我感动的就是老爷爷将花儿领回家这个举动,而当别人问他领花儿回去图什么的时候,他的回答让我印象颇深:我不图啥,就要个良心能安!多么无私啊!多么伟大啊!他不图私利,他不图回报,难道着不是一种伟大,无私的爱么?我想,如果他当时没有领走花儿以至花儿饿死的话,他良心一定会不安的,但如果他是一个没有爱心,没有良心的人,那么就算花儿因为没被领走而饿死的话,他的良心也不会不安的。
联系我自己,我认为我不算没有良心的,但爱心还不够。有一次我去书店购书,口袋内理所当然地放着一大堆钱,远远超出了书价,可当一个乞丐向我乞讨时,我却犹豫了,担心这个乞丐是报纸上说的那些骗子,于是便说:“我没有钱。”说完就仓皇跑开了。回到家里我就后悔了,当时我为什么不给那个乞丐钱?如果那乞丐是真的,那我给他的钱说不定能成为他一顿的饭钱,可我没有给他,也说不定就因为我每给他钱的这个举动使他饿一顿呢。那我不是变成了一个见死不救,有难不帮的自私小人了吗?就算被骗了,那也不能怎么样,一两元钱又不能决定什么,起码我的心里塌实多了,唉,我真是太不应该了!
其实我觉得爱心与良心是同步的,越有良心,奉献给别人的爱心也就越多,而奉献给别人的爱心越多,良心得到的满足也就越多,所以用爱心回报良心才能使你的生活充满满足,充满幸福!
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