I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
经常听到不少初一的学生家长这样抱怨:“原先在小学成绩很好,可一上初中成绩就出现滑坡。”对此,教育专家指出,孩子升入初中,将面临着诸如环境、学习方法和学习科目设置的不同,家长应针对小学和初中在这些方面的不同,提前帮助孩子做好调整,让孩子能够更快地适应初中生活。
1.多提问、多思考、多总结
“小学生的学习主要是眼看、手写、记忆。而到了初中,则要生对知识充分理解,并学会用思维去分析这些知识点。”金水区一所中学初一年级班主任张老师说,“进入初中以后,学生要学的内容由直观的、感性的、零碎的知识点变成了更为完整、系统的知识体系,并更加突出能力要求。这就要求学生在学习方法上做出相应调整。”
据了解,由于小学本身知识量少且时间充裕,所以小学老师的教学进度较慢,讲解也更详细具体,往往让学生用较多的时间对新知识进行探究,用多种方式尝试解决。“小学课堂上,往往热热闹闹,学生独立思考的时间比较少,而初中课堂教学则相对安静,留给学生独立思考的时间增多。”张老师说,“初中课堂还要求学生要有一边听讲、一边看书、一边思考的本领,调动多种感官,听课难度自然增加不少。同时,初中科目增多,每个老师的讲课时间都是规定好的,老师必然要改变授课方式。因此,建议家长从现在开始就培养孩子多提问、多思考、多总结的学习习惯。”
2.学会预习,提高主动性
初中老师有时会听到家长抱怨:“我的小孩到初中怎么变得不爱学习了?”对此,教育专家分析,初一学生出现学习兴趣的降低,原因是多方面的,主要原因是小学内容简单、有趣,比较容易有成就感,所以兴趣较浓、积极性高。而中学科目繁多,知识技能较强,获得成就感也较小学要难很多,同时,初中老师的关注也没有小学老师及时,学生的受挫感、无助感、无趣感一旦产生,学习积极性必然下降。
“小学阶段的学习主要依赖老师的安排,学生只要完成写字、造句、背课文这些老师下达的简单‘学习指令’就行。但初中则要求学生自觉主动并且有计划地学习。”多年从事小学升初中衔接教学的张老师说,“一般的学生只是单纯完成学校和老师交给的作业就觉得完成了学习任务,而优秀的学生基本上都有预习课本的学习习惯。”她进一步介绍,每一个学科都有不同的预习要求,与小学有较大不同。掌握正确的预习方法,做好充分的预习工作,能使课堂效率事半功倍。从小学升入初中,要求学生的学习态度实现从“要我学”到“我要学”的转变。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
今天,老妈和她的几个姐妹要带我们几个小孩去万象城玩,因为我拒绝帮忙看这几个小屁孩,所以从老妈那里拿了钱就自己去打游戏了,我来到“星际传奇”里一个人瞎逛着,觉得没什么意思,突然看到一个新项目——全民k歌,不知道应该说是巧合还是说我比较幸运,原本就不多的房间在我过去的时候正好空着一个,为了不让人抢先我加快来脚步,伸手去拉开门这时也有一只手同时搭到门上,我抬起头看着这个“陌生人”,不知为什么觉得有点熟悉,她也看着我足足愣了三秒。突然她一脸惊喜的说到:“你是陈薏如?”
“恩,你是……”我不禁感到惊讶,她竟然认识我,可在我的印象中并不记得她是谁,“是我,恩,怎么说呢!哦,我是你的‘开心果’”我更是大吃一惊,因为她实在是变了太多,之后,她又说了很多以前的事,而这些事只有我和另一个人知道,也就是她口中的‘开心果’这让我不得不相信,不过既然是认识的也就不分前后了。
好久没见,我们在里面唱了一会儿,就跑到星巴克里买了杯咖啡边聊边喝,不得不说在这一年里她真的变了很多,人高了,也瘦了,原本安安静静的.她也开朗了起来。作为她在小学里唯一一个可以说的上话的人,我既高兴又难过,不过更多的是高兴,因为我并不是她的亲人不可能一辈子待着我身边,她必须学会和人交流。从那时到现在我有时候还会在想是什么让她变了这么多。但,这的不重要。重要的是怎么变,是变好还是变坏。
是啊!这个世界就是这样,必须是你去适应它,而不是让它去适应你。世间万物都在变化,人也总会因为一些事情而改变,可能变的平凡也可能变的出众……
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