Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1、重视描写的运用
(1)描写人物语言生动活泼、有个性
(2)描写人物动作细描个体动作、精写连续动作(见片段1、2)
(3)描写人物心理以景物映衬、以动作和神态暗示
(4)描写人物肖像个体神态、描画笑容
(5)描写景物映衬写景(衬托人物心理)、以景析理(情景交融)
2、精妙的表现手法
(1)借物抒情,化直接为含蓄,如《背影》
(2)妙用修辞,蕴深意于物象,如片段3
(3)双线展开,相得益彰,如片段4
(4)借助蒙太奇(将全文所表现的内容分为许多不同地镜头,然后有机地组合起来,产生连贯、呼应、对比、暗示、联想等作用)如片段5
3、展示才情和文化底蕴
我是众多平凡的孩子中的一员,没有英俊的.面容,没有诙谐的幽默,没有过人的胆识,亦没有沉着的睿智。我该如何PK。
有时发现时间过的真快,快到让人无法察觉,它就悄悄地溜走了,不留一点痕迹。想要难过,却发现已经太迟了。原来,我来不及PK。
我的周围总有爱我的人,而我总在欢闹的人群中突然沉默,在暖黄的路灯光晕下失去自我,我不知道我为何会这样,我不明白也才不透。原来,我不懂PK。
生命中有很多人都不断的离我而去,来不及说珍重,就消失在风中雨中。真的很想为以后再次相见而说再见,却没想到最后成了再也不见。我不想这样。原来,我不想PK。
看到那么多人都在努力地奋斗,而自己却似乎丝毫没有进展,碌碌无为,长久以来树立起来的信心瞬间被击垮。原来,我不敢PK。
面对PK,我茫然无措,真的不知该如何面对。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
拿到作文题目后,要先弄清楚题目的意义、范围、中心,确定文章的体裁、题材、字数要求,再围绕中心选择材料,合理布局谋篇,运用恰当的表达方式进行写作。
1、确立准确的内容在最短的时间内找到最适合自己的写作内容
(1)思维的发散
在落笔成文前,一定要慎重,要考虑到尽可能多的写作内容。
①充分利用作文题中的提示性语言,获得写作内容
如:也许你被真挚的母爱感动过,也许你被善良的帮助感动过,也许你为奥运会场升起的五星红旗流过热泪,也许你为无私的友谊掀起过情感的波澜
请以感动为话题写一篇作文,文体不限,题目自拟。
作文题中的也许也许也许也许的提示语,没有内容写的同学完全可以把这段话作为自己的写作材料,写母爱、帮助、友谊等带给自己的感动。
②开辟独特、新颖的角度
A、类似联想
如由花与刺联想到阳光与阴影、成功与挫折、优点与缺点等。
B、内敛式联想
由如英雄联想到课堂上的英雄、公交车上的英雄、联欢会上的英雄等
C、逆反式联想
如由心事联想到我没有心事;由感动联想到自己是不懂感动的人,在母爱面前一点一点被征服被融化被感动的过程。
D、虚实转换联想
如写位置,可以实写班级的座位、一个人的职务等,也可以虚写自己在别人心目中的地位,人在自然界中的地位等等。
(2)思维的归纳
①写自己熟悉的内容不要选择自己一知半解的事情作为写作材料。
②写自己能驾驭的内容由自己的认知水平、思想深度和语言表达能力决定。
2、突出明确的中心
(1)符合题意
准确把握文章题目的范围和内涵,注意培养明确点明中心的意识。为此,可在文章内容构思好后,围绕中心编写几句(段)话,将它们安插在文章的开头、结尾或者文章的过渡、转折的地方,既提醒自己不要偏离中心,也提醒阅卷老师你有明确的中心意识。
(2)提升中心的品位
①要有深刻的思想
②有小中见大的眼光
③有化实为虚的能力
④有时代意识
⑤有新颖的角度
例如:以风为话题的作文,可以化实为虚,由不同季节的风的特点联想到不同性格的人;可以联系时代,写社会上的各种风气;可以联系自己,写中学生中流行的一些风气;可以由风想到沙尘暴等社会问题;由风想到关于风筝的记忆┅┅
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