表示议论思维的说法,先秦多用单个汉字,议、论、辩、述、说,偶尔也用两个汉字的,议论、论述、论说、讨论、辩论、论辩。近代引进西方逻辑之后,才有论点、论据、论证等等系统性的表述。
现代汉语关于议论思维的说法,已经受到形式逻辑深刻的影响,以至于当西方学界反对理性主义,试图摆脱形式逻辑的羁绊而提出非形式逻辑的时候,现代汉语反而显得无所适从了,虽然众人的日常语言表达的逻辑性并不严谨。
幸好人类的论证思想是相通的,示—告—断,这个论述思维程序也是可以有相应表述的:
观念—问题—观点(道理)
观念—论域—论点—论证(讲道理)
一个人静思默想,根据自己的观念,针对问题产生看法,形成观点,这就构成一种道理。在没有吭声之前,道理就静默在脑子里,旁人不知道。王充有一个形象的比喻,文章尚未写出来,还隐藏在内心的时候,就好比美玉隐藏在石头里,珍珠蕴藏在鱼腹中一样,不为人所知。
要是这个人说,我发表一下我的观点,那就进入讲道理的状态。实际的问题情境于是转化为讨论的场域,称为论域,同样由观念引领,就论域里的问题产生看法,因为要表达出来加以讨论,所以这种看法就由观点变为论点,然后展开论证,这就是讲道理所蕴含的内在机制。
道理和讲道理是两种不同的状态,内在思维特征相同,外在表现形式不同,讲道理需要把内在思维用论述话语表达出来。
模仿例句写句子
一、Model1:Who’sshe?She’smygrandmother.
1._____________________________________________________(he,grandfather
2.____________________________________________________(they,myfriends
Model2:She’smygrandmother.
1._______________________________________________(he’s,grandfather
2._______________________________________________(they’re,friends
二、Model:Areyoutall?Yes,Iam.
1._____________________________________________________(thirsty,yes
2._____________________________________________________(short,no
三、Model1:CanIhaveapeach?
1.________________________________________________(useyourbook
2._______________________________________________(borrowyourrulerModel2:CanIgotothezoo?
1.____________________________________________________(watchTV
四、Model1:WhatdoyoudoonTuesday?Iplaybaseball.
1.____________________________________________________(Tuesday,playthepiano
2.____________________________________________________
(Saturday,playbasketball
Model2:DoyouplaysocceronTuesday?
1.__________________________________________________(they,Friday
2.__________________________________________________(she,MondayModel3:IplaytheviolinonMonday.
1._____________________________________________________(playping-pong
Model4:DoyouplaybaseballonTuesday?Yes,Ido.
1._____________________________________________________(playsoccer,Friday
2._____________________________________________________(playtheviolin,Thursday
Model5:WhatdoyoudoonThurday?
1.____________________________________________________(Wednesday
2._____________________
________________________________(Tuesday
Model6:IplaybaseballonFriday.
1._________________________________________________________(playping-pong,Monday
2.________________________________________________________(playthepiano,Sunday
Model7:IwatchTVonFriday.
1.________________________________________________________(gotothezoo,Sunday
2.________________________________________________________(playtheviolin,Tuesday
五、Model1:Whatdayisittoday?It’sMonday.
1.______________________________________________________
(Thursday
2.______________________________________________________
(Wednesday
六、Model1:Iwantacomputer.
1.____________________________________________________(they,toycar
2._____________________________________________________(he,guitarModel2:Whatdoyouwant?Iwantadrum.
1.__________________________________________________
(they,toycar
2.__________________________________________________
(she,skateboard
3.__________________________________________________
(Lisa,drum
Model3:Doyouwantadoll?
1.___________________________________________________(they,puzzle
2._________________________________________________(she,skateboardModel4:Doeshewantadoll?
1.______________________________________________________(she,puzzle
2.______________________________________________(Tony,stuffedanimalModel5:Doyouwantadrum?No,Idon’t.
1._____________________________________________________(she
七、Model1:It’sonthesofa.
1.__________________________________________________
(drum,nexttothesofa
2._________________________________________________
(socks,behindthebookcase
Model2:Mywalletisonthechair.
1._________________________________________________
(drum,nexttothesofa
2._____________________________________________
(socks,infrontofthebookcase
Model3:Theyareinfrontofthebookcase.
1._____________________________________________________(nextto
2._____________________________________________________(behind
八、Model1:Ilikeart.
1.______________________________________________(English
2.______________________________________________(history,scienceModel2:Ilikeartandmath.
1.__________________________________________________(English,history
2.__________________________________________________(science,P.E.Model3:Ilikescience.
1.___________________________________________________(they,history
2.___________________________________________________(we,English
九、Model1:Where’smywallet?
1.__________________________________________________(computergame
2.__________________________________________________(stuffedanimal
3.____________________________________________________(books
十、Model1:What’sshedoing?She’spainting.
1.______________________________________________________
(he,running
2.______________________________________________________
(it,sleeping
3.______________________________________________________
(Tony,playing
4.______________________________________________________
(they,running
Model2:Whatareyoudoing?Iameating.
1._____________________________________________________
(they,sleeping
2._____________________________________________________
(she,shopping
3.____________________________________________________
(yourparents,eating
Model3:Whatareyoudoing?I’mwriting.
1.____________________________________________________(run
Model4:Whatisshedoing?Sheisplaying.
1.________________________________________________________(he,study
2.________________________________________________________(they,write
十一、Model1:Touchyournose.
1._________________________________________________(close,eyes
2.__________________________________________________(open,mouthModel2:Touchyoureyes.
1.___________________________________________________(hands
2.___________________________________________________(feet
Model3:Touchyournose.
1.___________________________________________________(her,arms
2.___________________________________________________(his,feetModel4:Closeyourmouth.
1.___________________________________________________(herbooks
2.___________________________________________________(hiseyes十二、Model1:Whosecarisit?It’smine.
1.______________________________________________________
(dog,hers
2.______________________________________________________
(stuffedtoy,Jenny’s
Model2:Whoseskateboardisthis?It’smine.
1.____________________________________________________
(boat,hers
2.____________________________________________________
(computergame,theirs
Model3:Whosecarisit?It’shers.
1.____________________________________________________
(bag,his
2.____________________________________________________
(boat,ours
Model4:Whosepuzzleisthis?It’shers.
1._____________________________________________________
(toycar,mine
Model5:Whoseballoonisthis?It’smine.
1.________________________________________________________(puzzle,hers
2.________________________________________________________(suffedtoy,Jenny’s
我有一个梦想,希望我能拥有一双翅膀。
假如我有一双翅膀,我会轻轻扇动它,飞上蓝天,抚摸柔软的白云。我会飞到森林,看看那些不知名的动物,与它们一起嬉戏。我飞到蔚蓝的海边,倾听浪花拍打海岸的声音,光着脚丫在松软的沙滩上玩耍……
假如我有一双翅膀,那该有多好啊!
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