许多研究语言中的歧义现象的学者都认为,我们说话和写文章都应力求“准确、简明、生动”,避免歧义。不过歧义也并不只有消极的作用。在我们的日常生活中,歧义同样也产生了积极的作用,如在商业广告、政治宣传中,歧义都达到了很好的幽默诙谐的效果。本文从语法、词汇和语音的角度分析了英语中的歧义类型。当然,有些提法还有待商榷(比如因“完全同形同音异义词”引起的词汇歧义,由“意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词”引起的语音歧义等,以便进一步探讨。
This may day Dad took me to climb Huashan, where all the plants and trees were unforgettable.
I have been to Jincheng Mountain in Yilong, where fruit trees are everywhere and green grass is everywhere. But I can't compare to the beauty of Huashan; I have been to the east mountain of Deyang, where the mountains are green and green, but they are still not as strange as Huashan; I have also been to the Zhongjing Pingshan, where there are many places of interest, but not in Huashan.
As soon as I set foot on the Huashan Road, I saw a mountain peak rising from the ground, and a dark green light on the mountain. I looked at it. Dad said, "Hey, go." I went up and said, "Daddy, look, what a beautiful view!"
As I walked, I saw that the mountain peak was bare and grotesque. Under such conditions, trees were still growing. There is a mountain with these one or two trees long, far from seeing, the mountain is different, the mountain is like the tota Li, the tree is the tower, how angry! We see a national protection tree - the Sophora japonica, more than 500 years history. The tree is thick and oval - dense and oval, and the more I climb, the more scared it is, but the joy is my motivation, and my family and I continue to climb and climb higher. I saw Xifeng. It was the place where incense sticks to save the mountain. I jumped up with joy. Then I walked a long way, and I saw the long sky plank road, which was connected by a plank on the edge of the mountain. Look at that 1000 foot building, straight up 87 degrees slope, straight into the sky.
The listens say: the sunrise in Huashan and the sea of clouds are also beautiful. The sun just rose from the horizon, the first to show a lovely smiling face...... Hey, down the mountain, ride the cable car, so high! On the cable car to see this side of the mountain is different. How fast can I believe that every passing pile on the cable car is very fast, and when it reaches the foot of the hill?
Time is too fast, or I'll conquer it again.
‘人生’觉得好伟大、神圣的一个词啊。我不是一位哲学家,也不是一位演说家,我呢,只是一名中学生,自认为自己没有什么资格、责任去谈天说地,特别是谈‘人生’。而今天在这里呢就是想说说自己心中的想法。
见笑了。
我觉得人生英语有着密不可分的关系,再细一点解释呢就是与英语中的时态息息相关。
当我们变成了一个风烛残年的老人。坐在摇椅上回想着我们这一生,每件往事都会清晰的浮现在眼前,任回忆说着过去时态的语言演绎着昨天的故事,那时的我们啊就是在温习英语中的‘过去时态’不是吗………。
破镜重圆时,我们啊乘坐着时间的飞船回到了中年时期。那时的`我们正在为自己的生活而努力奋斗着。在这个科技爆炸的现代化时代里,我们被生活践踏的体无完肤《话可能有点严重了》。我们得买房、买车,过上小康生活,要不都说现代人的生活节奏快呢,可能就是这个原因吧。所以啊,那时的我们就是演绎着英语中的‘现在进行时’不是吗………
现在呢,我们来到了人生中的黄金时期———青春期。青春是人生的花样年华,身处青春期的我们总是会憧憬着这样或那样的未来。这不就是英语中的‘一般将来时’吗………。
其实啊,不管怎样,无论是‘过去时’、‘现在时’、还是‘将来时’,都需要我们为现在的生活去努力、拼搏、奋斗不是吗………。
歌词写得好啊‘梦想是注定孤独的旅行,这路上少不了质疑和嘲笑,但那又怎样,哪怕遍体鳞伤,也要活得漂亮
。我为自己代言
最后呢,因为我也是一名初中生,即将面临着中考。在此呢,就祝愿普天下所有的中学生在中考中能考出一个好成绩、实现自己的梦想
悦。加油,相信你自己。加油加油加油………
谢谢观看……
During the summer vacation, my father and mother took my sister and I to Dalian. My brother and I had a good time at the high tide adventure palace in Xinghai Park.
My sister and I sat on the adventure boat excitedly and began to move forward. The ship flashed along with the speed of the water. Suddenly, the ship turned a bend, entered a dark cave, and there was no five fingers in it, and the horrible bats sounded. Our boat rose, seven or eight meters high, and immediately swooped down to the top, splashing four or five meters of water. The ship continued to move forward, and there was a faint light in the depths of the cave.
When the boat approached, we were surprised to see that many dinosaurs were realistic. If you don't look at it carefully, you really need to be scared. These dinosaurs were all big mouths and looked terrible. The water is speeding up, a sharp bend, and we are coming to the "ape man world". In the dense forest, we can see the vivid figures of our ancestors. Some of them sit on the grass, watch around a round object, hang on trees, and wash their faces and feet at the water. Suddenly, a huge crab lay on the water and blocked our way. The smart elder sister just put her head down and just passed. I also lowered my head and tried, but no way, I squatted down in the bottom of the cabin. Hey, it was really successful.
Just through an obstacle, suddenly the water stopped, so we had to row ourselves by boat. My sister and I worked together and rowed vigorously. After about 20 minutes, we reached the finish line and ended this exciting and interesting adventure tour.
Today, as people live a better life, they chase for more enjoyment.
We can see from the news that when the holiday comes, there are so many people gather in the scenery site. People like to travel today, they can take a plane, take the bus or even take a bike. On my opinion, the best way to travel is by train.
First, it is very cheap. Compare with other ways, such as plane and bus, train is less expensive, people can save a lot of money.
Besides, taking the train is much safer.
People don’t have to worry about crush, which is more happen in the plane or bus. Second, we can enjoy the scenery in the train.
Though the train is very slow, we can have a good sight of the beautiful scenery, when we go to Tibet, we can see different colors and different mountains during the trip. Taking the train is the best way to travel.
今天,随着人们过上更好的生活,人们追求的娱乐。我们可以从新闻上看到当节假日来临的时候,很多人聚集在景点。现在,人们喜欢旅游,他们可以坐飞机,坐巴士甚至骑单车。在我看来,最好的旅游方式是坐火车。第一,这很便宜。和其他方式,如飞机和巴士,坐火车便宜很多,人们可以省下很多钱。而且,做坐火车也更加安全。人们不用担心坠毁,这地发生在飞机和巴士上。第二,我们可以在火车上欣赏风景。虽然火车很慢,我们可以好好看看美丽的风景,当我们去西藏的时候,可以在旅途中看到不同的颜色和不同的大山。坐火车是最好的旅游方式。
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家总免不了要接触或使用吧,通过作文可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。写起作文来就毫无头绪?以下是小编帮大家整理的外出旅游英语作文,欢迎阅读与收藏。
i went to three cities to play during last summer holidays. they are beijing, dalian and huhehot. i went to beijing more than eight times. beijing is the capital of china. it’s a big city. i am very familiar with beijing. it takes an hour and forty minutes from nantong to beijing by plane. there are many tall buildings in beijing. it’s a modern city. my family visited the great wall, the summer palace, the palace museum, the beihai park, the space museum, etc.
i went to the countryside of beijing to go boating and fishing. it was very interesting. i went shopping in wangfujing. i bought lots of souvenirs and other things. i like eating beijing snacks. they are delicious. don’t miss beijing duck. it is really nice. dalian is a beautiful city. dalian is close to beijing. i spent 5o minutes on the plane. dalian is near the sea. i smelled the salt in the air. the roads are clean. there are lots of trees and flowers near the roads. there are many esplanades and japanese buildings. there are some fountains in one of the esplanades. some people flew kites and walked on the esplanades. we went to see the beach and the sea. the sea is blue. there were many swimmers in the sea. i lay on the beach to see the sky. dalian is a very nice place to live in. huhehot is in inner mongol. there are lots of large grasslands. the grasslands are endless. the sky is bright blue. there were a lot of horses and sheep. they were running or eating grass. i rode a horse on the grassland.
i picked some colourful flowers. we drank tea with milk. there is a small desert, it was very hot when i walked on it. the sand could sing. these trips helped me open my eyes. i enjoyed my day.
Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例:
1.1词性
一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。
(1College demands change.
很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。
1.2名词(修饰语+名词
1.2.1复合名词或名词短语
(2an English teacher
此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。
1.2.2-ing+名词
(3Flying planes can be dangerous.
此句也产生了两种意思:(1驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。
1.3带有’s的名词所有格
(4This is his teacher’s book.
句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1这是他的教师用书。(2这是他老师的书。
1.4不定式动词短语
(5The tiger is too small to kill.
此例也有两种含义:(1这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2这只老虎太小了,还不能被***。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。
1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构
(6I found Jim an experienced teacher.
及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1我发现吉姆原来是一位有的老师。(2我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。
1.6并列连词and
(7Tom and Lucy are married.
此句可理解为:(1汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。
1.7悬挂式否定词not
(8His object is not to eat.
此句产生的两种意思为:(1他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动。
1.8悬挂式代词
(9The man informed his brother that he should lose weight.
人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。
1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分
(10The people who saw the play frequently praised it.
这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。
1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分
(11Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday.
此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。
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