Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
1、论点(证明什么 论点应该是作者看法的完整表述,在形式上是个完整的简洁明确的句子。从全文看,它必能统摄全文。表述形式往往是个表示肯定或否定的判断句,是明确的表态性的句子。
a.把握文章的论点。 中心论点只有一个(统帅分论点 ⑴明确: 分论点可有n个(补充和证明中心论点。 ⑵方法 ①从位置上找:如标题、开篇、中间、结尾。②分析文章的论据。(可用于检验预想的论点是否恰当 ③摘录法(只有分论点,而无中心论点
b.分析论点是怎样提出的:①摆事实讲道理后归结论点; ②开门见山,提出中心论点;③针对生活中存在的现象,提出论题,通过分析论述,归结出中心论点; ④叙述作者的一段经历湖,归结出中心论点; ⑤作者从故事中提出问题,然后一步步分析推论,最后得出结论,提出中心论点。
2、论据(用什么证明 ⑴论据的类型:①事实论据(举例后要总结,概述论据要紧扣论点;②道理论据(引用要分析。⑵论据要真实、可靠,典型(学科、国别、古今等。 ⑶次序安排(照应论点;⑷判断论据能否证明论点; ⑸补充论据(要能证明论点。
3、论证(怎样证明
⑴论证方法 (须为四个字 ①举例论证(例证法 事实论据 记叙 ②道理论证(引证法和说理道理论据 议论 ③对比论证(其本身也可以是举例论证和道理论证 ④比喻论证 比喻在说明文中为打比方,散文中为比喻。
⑵分析论证过程: ① 论点是怎样提出的; ②论点是怎样被证明的(用了哪些道理和事实,是否有正反两面的分析说理; ③联系全文的结构,是否有总结。
⑶论证的完整性(答:使论证更加全面完整,避免产生误解
⑷分析论证的作用:证明该段的论点。
4、 议论文的结构 ⑴一般形式:①引论(提出问题―――②本论(分析问题―――③结论(解决问题。
⑵类型: ①并列式 ②总分总式 ③总分式 ④分总式 ⑤递进式。
5、驳论文的阅读
⑴作者要批驳的错误观点是什么? ⑵作者是怎样进行批驳的`,用了那些道理和论据; ⑶由此,作者树立的正确的观点是什么?
6、常见考点
①、议论文的论点考点:第一,分清所议论的问题及针对这个问题作者所持的看法(即分清论题和论点。第二,注意论点在文中的位置:
(1在文章的开头,这就是所谓开宗明义、开门见山的写法。
(2在文章结尾,就是所谓归纳全文,篇末点题,揭示中心的写法。这种写法在明确表达论点时大多有。所以,总之,因此,总而言之,归根结底等总结性的词语。
第三、分清中心论点和分论点:分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语:首先、其次、第三等
第四、要注意论点的表述形式:有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。
第五、通过论据来反推论点:论据是为证明论点服务的,分析论据可以看出它证明什么,肯定什么,支持什么,这就是论点。
②、议论文的论据考点:论据是论点立足的根据,一般全为事实论据和道理论据。1、用事实作论据。事例必须真实可靠,有典型意义,能揭示事物本质并与论点有一定的逻辑联系。议论文中,对所举事例的叙述要简明扼要,突出与论点有直接关系的部分。明确论据时,不仅要知道文中哪些地方用了事实论据,还要会概括事实论据。概括时,要做到准确,必须依据论点将论据本质特点把握住,然后用确切的语言进行表述。 2、用作论据的言论,应有一定的权威性,直接引用时要原文照录,以真核对,不能断章取义;间接引用时不能曲解愿意。
③、议论文的结构、层次考点:结构有:并列式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、总分式结构。
此考点的基本形式:作者如何证明论点的?
答题思路是:作者为了证明观点,首先使用了论据,然后对论据进行了怎样的分析,从而证明了观点。关键要说清楚证明过程的层次性。
④、议论文的论证方法考点
论证方法是指运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据之间逻辑关系的纽带,中考要求掌握的有以下四种:
1、举例论证: 是列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点的方法。因为事实胜于雄辩,所以举出确凿典型的事实来证明论点,能增强文章的说服力。
2、道理论证: 是引用具有权威性的言论证明论点的方法。所以这种方法使用得当,有很强的论证力量。分析引证法的作用,应先弄清引用了谁的言论,是为了证明什么,再把握引证法的特殊作用具有权威性,论证有力。
3、比喻论证: 就是通过形象的比喻来证明论点的方法。这种方法可深入浅出地把道理讲得通俗形象,容易被人接受。
4、对比论证: 是用正反两方面的事实和道理进行鲜明对比,从而证明论点的方法。分析对比论证方法作用,两个方面xx比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。
答题思路:(1道理论据,增加论据的权威性。(2事实论据,从哪个角度来证明论点。(3比喻论证,或生动形象证明了,或深入浅出证明了(要根据本体和喻体之间的关系来确定。(4对比论证,两个方面比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。
⑤、议论文的语言特色考点:分析议论文的语言特色:①、要从逻辑的角度,分析其用词的准确,严密:②、要从说理的角度分析其叙述的概括性和简洁性:③、要从修辞的角度分析其用词的鲜明、生动和感情色彩。下面从不同角度解释一下:
a、语言准确表现为:① 概念使用准确,② 定语、状语等修饰成分恰当。
b、语言严密表现为:判断和推理严密,语言表达周密,逻辑性强。
c、语言鲜明表现为:表述明确,不模棱两可,态度明确,爱憎分明,恰当使用修辞方法和特殊句式,增强语言的生动性和说服力。
d、语言概括简洁表现为:议论文中事实叙述不细致,较笼统。用议论文的目的是以理服人。不宜详细叙事。否则会喧宾夺主。这一点一般的议论文都有体现,就不再举例说明了。
答题思路:如加点词语有什么作用?思路:(1确定、回答词语在语境中的(表层含义;(2词语对表达中心或阐明观点的(深层、比喻或引申作用;这类题主要考语言的准确周密性和形象生动性。又如词语顺序是否可以颠倒?
答题思路:(1解释词语的含义;(2阐明词语之间的时间或事理程序的先后顺序,强调其先后顺序或层次性。
⑥、议论文中代词的指代对象考点:这种考题在各种文体的阅读中都较为常见。基本上分为两种情况:一是需要联系上下文加以概括的。 二是原文中找出指代的内容,这种情况,指代的内容一般出现在代词之前,找到后可用其替换代词,通读句子视句意变化与否来检验其正误。
⑦、开放性、拓展题考点
这种题一般都是,考查学生阅读文章后所产生的情感体验或理性思考。解题时需结合文章发挥个人从阅读中获得的感悟。答题方式:相当于写一篇小的议论文,要有论点、论据。注意必须引用名言或名人轶事来证明自己的观点或认识。
⑧、议论文中非议论成分考点
答题思路:议论文中非议论成分,都是为论点服务的(不同表达方式,作用不相同,要看使用非议论成分的目的来确定。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
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