“晴风吹柳絮,新火起厨烟”,清明节又到了。清明节是我国传统24节气之一,我喜欢这个春意盎然的温暖节日。
《岁时百问》有曰:“万物生长此时,皆清洁而明净,故谓之清明。”清明时节,万物萌发,欣欣向荣。远郊近野是藏不住燕语莺啼,堤边柳岸是嗅不尽的桃李芬芳。我在爸爸妈妈的精心安排下,带着刚开学的轻松心情外出踏青,大学城川美、南岸广阳岛、北碚歇马镇、南川大观园、江津金色黄庄……到处都留下我们的足迹。我们流连在十里锦绣的落樱海洋里,徜徉在金黄绸带般油菜花田里,尽情感受春的温暖、呼吸春的气息。这生机勃勃的清明时节,让我感悟到了万物生长,我们应当不负大好春光地去游玩、去感受,这点燃了我新学期的激情与活力。
清明时节,除了踏青、插柳、放风筝这些亲近自然的传统习俗外,还有祭祖扫墓这个庄重的仪式。每年清明节,爷爷都会带着我们一家人前往墓园祭奠先人。肃静的墓碑前,爷爷奶奶带着爸爸、妈妈和我庄严鞠躬,向逝去的先祖祈福保佑我们全家平安健康。一杯浊酒、半叠纸钱、三柱清香,寄托着我们全家对先人的无限怀念和哀思。每当这个时候,我总是在懵懵懂懂中清晰感受到家族情感的传承,不知不觉间对父母和祖父母的爱愈加浓郁深厚起来。
又是一年清明到,欢欣追忆两交织。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
阅读说明文时,边读边标出文章所使用的说明方法,然后总结主要使用了哪些方法,并进而分析这些说明方法对准确说明事物特征所起的作用。
二、逐段概括要点,理清说明顺序
概括要点时,要重视首括句、尾结句或提问式语句的作用,重视给概念下定义或解说的语句的作用。阅读时可以把这些语句勾画出来。概括要点时最好用完整的句子,意思要简明扼要。在逐段概括要点的基础上,用“同类合并”的方法,把全文划分为相对独立的几部分,概括出每部分的大意,把每部分的'大意依次连缀起来,就能比较清楚地显示出全文的说明顺序了。使用什么说明顺序,还要看说明的对象。一般来说,说明事物的演变发展的,用时间顺序;说明建筑物的,用空间顺序;介绍高科技产品或说明事物间的联系的,用逻辑顺序。
三、整体感知,把握中心
在理清说明顺序的基础上,分析段与段、部分与部分之间的关系,就容易看出文章的基本结构了。如是总―分式的结构还要着重分析“分”的部分是按什么原则组合的,是并列,是递进,还是包含有总分关系。递进式结构要着重分析各层意思是怎样逐步深入展开的,是由现象到本质,还是由个别到一般,或是从结果到原因等等。把握结构后,最好能画出结构示意图。说明中心就是归纳出一篇说明文说明了被说明事物的怎样的特征,或阐释怎样的事理。在理清说明顺序、把握文章结构的基础上,再归纳说明中心也就不难了。
四、语言准确性
准确是说明语言的特点。分析说明文语言,就是看遣词造句是怎样准确说明被说明事物的特征的。要注意分析关键词语的作用。如《向沙漠进军》一文中“沙漠是人类最顽强的自然敌人之一”中去掉“最”不足以说明沙漠危害之严重;去掉“自然”“敌人”性质就不清楚;去掉“之一”就绝对化了。当然,文字的生动性也应充分注意。
也许,你会忘记那些卖国求荣的小人,但是,你决不会忘记曾为新中国成立而抛头颅、洒热血的革命烈士!又是一年清明到,先烈啊!你们的后人来看你们来了!
沉睡多年的先烈啊!看看你们用生命换来的大好河山啊!这里的每一寸土地上都有你们热血的痕迹。
是谁,冒着枪林弹雨在中国生死存亡之际在战场上冲锋陷阵?是谁,引领中华儿女从黑暗走向光明?是谁,舍命为国而无怨无悔?
是他们,是生的伟大,死的光荣的革命先烈们!如果没有他们,也许中国到现在还处在弱国的行列中;如果没有他们,也许我们早已衣不附体,甚至冻死街头了。是啊,我们谁也能忘怀,惟独他们,为我们创造美好生活的先人,却是永不能忘记怀的!
司马迁说的好“人固有一死,或重于泰山、或轻于鸿毛!”————在1948年5月25日,是他带领战友接连炸毁了敌人3个炮楼5个地堡,打开隆化中学东北角的外围工事,不料围墙外干河道上桥形暗堡的机枪被敌人来火了,部队遭受严重伤亡,突击受阻。
面对敌碉堡的凶猛火力,他再次请战,在战友的掩护下冲到桥底。此时,他的左腿被敌人的机枪打断,暗堡的底部离干涸的河床还有段高度,河道两侧护堤陡滑,他两次安放的炸药因没有木托都滑了下来。他毅然用身体做支架,左手托起炸药包,右手拉燃了导火索。随着天崩地裂的一声巨响,敌人的桥形暗堡被炸毁,红旗插进了隆化中学。是他用自己年轻的生命为部队的胜利开辟了道路。是的,他,就是牺牲时年仅19岁的董存瑞!他的死,死的伟大!他诠释了“生当做人杰,死亦为鬼雄。”这千古名句!
是啊,英雄虽然连尸骨也无存,但精神却永远的流芳百世。先辈啊,你们永垂不朽!愿你们的精神万古长存!
“清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。”又是一年清明到,天空应时下起了小雨,天灰蒙蒙,不时夹杂着风,感觉冷冷的,有些凄凉,让这个特别的节日显示出独有的韵味。
我们一大家族人,踏在泥泞的小路,提着早已准备好的纸钱,穿过被雨水洗涤过的树林,来到铁山坪“祖祖”的坟茔。
作为家族老大———大舅公来到坟前就挽起衣袖奋力拔起坟头草;二舅公拿出准备好的帕子轻轻的擦拭石碑上的.灰土,边擦边喃喃自语道:“爸妈,我们来看你们呢。”婆婆和姨婆找来棍子挂青,给祖祖打打遮阳伞;伯伯、爸爸、表叔们和我们小字辈儿都清理坟周围的杂草,大家的动作都轻柔而缓慢。这时一阵风,轻轻吹过,带着丝丝忧伤。我好像被这忧伤的气息感染了,鼻子不由的一酸,眼前模糊了,好像回到了小时候。
祖祖生长在农村,特别爱干净,小时候我的衣服都是她洗的。她特别爱菊花,她常说菊花是花中君子,清丽、高洁。有一次我把口香糖扔到了菊花上,祖祖看见那把脸一沉,严肃地对我说:“菊花是能玷污的吗?”于是,她拿起手帕,轻轻地擦拭着菊花上的口香糖,就像对待她的宝贝似的…。。
“来,摆贡果!”二舅公一声呼唤,大家停止了手上的劳动。摆供果、倒白酒、上柱香,撒纸钱,大家一气呵成。大伯伯点燃第一堆纸钱,我们大家围成一个圈烧纸钱,红红的火焰映红了大家的脸。我凝视着那一张张寄托哀思的纸钱在火中发黄、卷起、变灰…。。眼前又出现了祖祖的音容笑貌。他仿佛就立在我的身边,似远非近,似近非远,仿佛我们一伸手就能把他抱住。一阵风吹来,还是被无情的风吹走了……
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