语言学习策略指“学习者为了使语言学习取得更好的效果而采取的各种策略,它既包括学习者为了更好地完成某个学习活动或学习任务而采取的微观策略,也包括学习者对自己的学习目标、学习过程、学习结果进行计划、调控、评估等而采取的宏观策略。一个成功的语言学习者常能根据任务的需要综合使用各种策略。使用有效的外语学习策略,不仅可以改进外语学习方式,促进语言技能的发展,还可以使学习者在语言学习中扮演更积极的角色,提高教学质量。
可见,学习者的学习策略知识对语言学习有积极的反拨效应,可以提高学生的语言水平英语教师如果能引导学生学会调整和运用英语学习策略,使他们用良好的学习策略来控制自己的学习方法和过程,就能大大提高英语学习的效率,更能帮助他们学会学习,习得终身学习的能力。但是,英语学习策略属于隐性知识,如何才能使学生了解、掌握和运用它们呢?知识管理为这一问题的解决提供了契机。
If I ruled the world, I would do some changes that will make the world become better. I would publicize concept of peace, and try to reduce wars. I would also try my best to reduce taxation, help poor people with their producion and make business revive. I would change education too, because it is said that the fature of a country depends on children of the country. In a way, the future of the world depends on children of the world. So I think, the education is a very important factor to make the world become better. I would reduce class-time, reduce homeworks and build many appliances for play on the playground. I would make the schools become a kind of place that kids can be happy there, and like there. I would definitely be a good leader. If somebedy gave me honor to rule the whole world, I wouldnt let him(her down. I would do anything I can do to make the world become more beautiful, more peaceful and warmer.
这是一个终身学习的时代,知识是人类最重要的资产。有效的知识管理对于教育的整体发展与全面革新具有积极意义。受之以鱼不如授之以渔,通过英语学习策略的知识管理,可以优化语言学习的过程和效果,有利于提高学生的自主学习能力,把他们培养成为终身学习者。
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1. Keep up with current business news.
2. Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3. Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4. Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5. work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6. observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7. Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8. Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9. Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
资源约束的主要表现为管理队伍建设经费投入的不足。高校大规模扩招,但所获取的办学资源却没有得到较大改善,即使利用银行贷款,也主要用来加大校园改造和建设力度,而用于人才队伍建设上的经费则很少。特别是在我国现行的评价体系下,高校一般对教学和科研比较重视,对管理队伍建设上投入的经费就更少了。为维持高校的正常运转,也为很多高校“创一流”的目标,高校一方面对管理工作提出了更高的要求和目标,对管理人员的素质也提出了更高的标准和要求,另一方面高校又普遍忽视管理人员的需求和情感,对管理队伍的建设缺乏重视和长远规划,而且在涉及管理队伍和师资队伍的相关利益抉择时往往会牺牲管理人员的利益,这种状况极易造成管理者的心理失衡,挫伤管理者的工作积极性。而且管理工作的特殊性决定了其不易出成果,管理业绩又较少与个人联系在一起,这不利于实现知识分子个人价值的普遍愿望,因此从内驱力来说管理者也没有足够的工作动力和热情。
1.树立“以人为本”的核心理念,做好激励机制的顶层设计
要改变过去传统的僵化管理模式,坚持学校的一切管理活动都要以人为根本出发点,把人视为高校的财富和核心资源,唤醒人的主体意识,重视人的价值,发挥人的潜能,创造出一种以人为中心的、促进人的心灵的管理新机制。因此,高校管理不仅要关注教师和学生的利益、情感和价值追求,也应真正将管理人员当“人”来看待,尊重其价值和尊严,重视关怀管理人员的人性追求,使其最大限度地实现全面发展。首先要充分重视管理工作的重要性和价值,深刻认识到管理人员对于高校发展的战略意义,纠正对管理人员以及管理工作的种种偏见。一直以来,我国高校忽视了对管理科学本身的认识,或陷入“管理就是简单的自上而上颁布命令”的极左思维,或又单纯地认为“管理就是服务”,失去了其自身的科学性和生产力价值。其次,积极推进参与式管理,畅通普通管理者与高校决策层沟通的渠道,全面了解所有管理者对学校工作的意见和建议,了解管理者的需求;对于事关管理者切身利益的大事要广泛征求意见,给普通管理者参予政策制订的话语权;进一步扩大和落实管理者工作的自主权,使其能够放开手脚,以自己认为有效的方式开展工作,充分发挥自己的工作才能。
2.围绕实施性法规制度建设,完善管理队伍专业化管理模式
首先,要明确管理者的身份地位。国外许多国家对高校管理者的身份地位都有明确的法规和政策规定,如日本、德国等国家高校管理者是国家公务员,享受公务员对其相关权益的`保障。我国应抓紧出台一部专门的法律、法规明确规定高校管理者的性质、业务范围和法律地位。其次,要建立合理的薪酬制度。收入的高低常常被人们视为衡量社会地位高低的重要标准。一要做到收入具有可比性。严格执行《教师法》规定,使得高校管理者的工资水平不低于当地公务员的工资水平,全面改善管理者的工作和生活条件。二要做到稳定增加收入。管理者在任职期间内的收入应该按一定比例逐年增加,并与工作能力直接挂钩,工作能力强,收入高,激励管理者不断增强工作积极性。最后,要畅通管理者的职业发展通道。高校应采取多种晋升制度让管理者有更多的发展机会和空间。一是行政职务的直接提拔晋升。逐步取消“双肩挑”制度,直接从普通管理者中选拔优秀人才晋升管理领导岗位。对于目前具有学术背景的管理干部,必须要求他们在担任行政管理岗位期间不再从事教学、科研活动,使其全心全意从事管理工作。二是岗位轮换。通过不同管理岗位的锻炼不仅能开阔管理者的工作视野,提高他们的实际能力,调动他们的积极性和创造性。
3.整合教育资源,奠定管理队伍激励机制的前提和基础
首先,采取“扁平化”的管理组织结构。“扁平化”的管理是指通过压缩职能管理部门尽可能地减少中间管理层次,实现管理幅度的增加,也就是用最少的人力物力实现管理的最优化,使有限的教育资源得以更加合理的分配。而实现“扁平化”管理的基础就是充分发挥每个管理者的潜能和特长。可以说,采取“扁平化”管理为管理者各种能力的发挥提供了组织保障,因此有利于调动管理者的积极性。其次,开展“经营管理”,实现利益共享。在高校的经营管理中,建立管理者收入与责任轻重、经营成果及资产增值挂钩。依据高校的经济效益,构建管理者与其工作业绩挂钩的薪酬结构。这种利益共享的方式把管理者的收益与高校的发展紧密地联系在一起,更能起到长期激励的作用。
一旦创业,考虑问题就要全面,大学生创业的弊端在于社会经验不足,动手能力相对于理论而言要稍逊一筹,不能很好的控制创业过程中的挫折失败情绪,甚至就此沮丧,所以,必须拥有良好的心理素质。部分大学生大谈自己的技术和专业,但是却没有了解到运用这些技术和专业的产品市场空间是怎么样的,我们在创业的过程中,要充分利用好互联网或其他有效资源充分认识自身的优点和不足。
国家为鼓励大学在校创业,为提高大学生创业或就业比率,以创业带动就业率,可以在教育部大学生创业服务网,按照相关要求提交高校的自主创业申请,并允许在校学生休学创业,相关政策可以在互联网上了解详细的情况;
首先我们需要清楚创业是需要带来商机的,而商机的本质是服务客户,所以,我们只有脚踏实地的服务和做事,才能清楚的知道客户的需求,只有满足客户需求才能赚到钱。现在不论是互联网还是书本上,都是介绍别人的成功案例,但这些只是换汤不换药,只有形成一套自己的服务或产品模式,清楚其操作原理方案,这样才能从千万竞争者中独树一帜。
关于“大学生在校自主创业好么?该怎么做?”的全部介绍就到这里了,对于大学生来说如果决定了要创业,就要选择一个好的项目,并且要选择适合在校园里做的生意,这样才更容易成功。
经营能力最重要
经营赚钱的能力在创业中是最重要的一项基本素质,只要有非常出色的经营能力,不愁找不到投资者,很多投资家天天都在找好项目进行投资。
很多年轻人在创业时,过多强调资金因素的影响力,其实不然。创业条件中资金虽然很重要,但不是至关重要的,最最重要的是创业者个人的经营能力,特别是业务能力。如果你坚持资金是根本因素,那好,我给你投资1000万,你经营什么,你凭借什么可以确保赚钱?我想,很多人恐怕都无法保证,也不知道投资干什么,所以资金因素不是唯一的决定因素。
在创业初期,创业者个人的能力会受到充分地考验。创业不是一件很轻松的事情,事无巨细,都要自己亲自动手。创业者的个人能力中,业务能力、开发客户能力、综合应变能力是十分重要的。创业者其实很多时候就是一个业务经理,能够拿到订单什么都好办了,很多创业成功者,都是做业务出身。有了客户,有了订单,事情自然变得容易多了。
对于有志创业者而言,不断提高自己的经营能力是至关重要的。从学做业务开始是一个好办法,你有了能力,创业机会自然很多,特别是今天,已经进入靠能力赚钱的'时代,经营能力更是重中之重。
内部创业更容易
在创业者中,有几种成功的类型,包括自己从零开始独立创业成功者、有技术与他人合作成功者、在企业内部创业成功者。相对而言,第3种创业方式最容易成功。
一个创业者比较好的选择就是有计划有策略地进入一家成功公司,先取得老板的信任,再找准机会,建议老板从公司发展的角度投资新项目,这样创业的机会就有了。作为项目的提出者,自然会被老板赋予重任。很多企业都会有发展新项目的需要,如果冒昧地找人投资,合作机会不会太多,其关键就是一个信任感的问题。萍水相逢,人家为什么要信任你?国内企业管理控制乏力,企业用人时,对忠诚度的在意甚至超过对能力的重视。
从企业内部创业,有很多有利条件:雄厚资本实力的支持、管理的指导、综合资源的共享、业务资源的利用、品牌形象的借助等,如果创业公司的业务与母体公司的业务有延续性或关联性,创起业来更容易成功。
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