1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
今天,是我们班主任老师的生日,昨天,我们已经全体捐款,为班主任老师捐齐了买蛋糕的费用。
中午,我们派出几名队员出校门去买蛋糕。半个小时过去了,蛋糕也买来了,我们把蛋糕放在讲台上。上课铃响了,我们静静地等侯着老师的到来。老师来了!她打开门,在进来的一刹那,她惊呆了。我们开始唱生日割。唱完后,老师竟然板着脸问我们谁是“领头羊”,是谁去买的蛋糕。我们都慌了,以为是犯了错,谁知后来老师话锋一转,说:“刚刚我在门口就知道你们要给我惊喜,所以很感动,很谢谢你们能够给我买蛋糕。”听完这段话,我激动地热泪盈眶。接着,老师笑着开始分蛋糕。
“啊,真好吃!”同学们边吃边说。我觉得就像在吃蜜一样,嘴里甜,心里更甜!
还有几个同学为年级的其他老师送去了蛋糕,让其他老师共同分享。
今天,我真开心,让老师过了一次最有意思的生日,看到老师高兴,我们心里更是高兴。
不知不觉一节课就这样过去了,我真是从来都没有这样高兴过!
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
尝试人世间的一切情感,时而欢喜,时而失落。像掠过心桥的一丝丝的低落,记忆的匣子又再一次回放那心酸的过去,但又害怕这一切会被我一一淡忘……
小雨淅淅沥沥地下着,我无力地踢着路边的小石子。脑海里回想着藏在书包里的试卷上面鲜艳的八十八分,那八十八似乎咧着大嘴在嘲笑我,路旁的花儿也仿佛在讽刺我考了一个烂分数,不过,这一切似乎是命中注定的;妈妈叫我复习,我忙着看电视;妈妈叫我摘抄以前的错题,我忙着玩电脑……想到这一切,我的眼泪又不由自主地掉了下来。远处一个雷打了下来,雨下了下来,这天气也似乎在为我打抱不平。
终于,到家了。我一到家就倒在床上嚎啕大哭起来。我把试卷拿了出来,我错了——我错的题目都是会的。有两个应用题忘了写答案,那是多么简单的应用题啊!我闭着眼睛都能算出来,还有两道填空眶而出。这时,我看到窗外的树,它虽然被风吹的东倒西歪,但还是不屈服。连树都那么坚强,我不能退缩!
我是一个乐天派,一直都是。
像是拭去的泪,不会再回来了!只是暂时的记忆,不可能再回来。风吹过的每一个角落,但是当时的心酸,还有梦。
去给予我“酸甜苦辣”的感觉,失败时,被嘲笑,被指指点点;成功时,终于到努力后的结果。辛酸而又幸福,努力,创造了两个极端:盆地与高原,地狱与天堂,低落与拔尖……找到自己的梦想,用自己的全力去努力奋斗,欣赏自己的梦想开花结果吧!
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
抬头,夜像是被打翻的墨水瓶,那么地深那么地浓。月亮似是因为娇羞的少女,埋首于黑云中,几丝清冷的月光洒向人间。星星眨巴着水汪汪的大眼睛,似是想与我玩耍,我挥挥手轻轻说了声不,我看见它们生气地隐入云中。回头,眼前是已沉沉沉沉睡去的公寓大楼,人们早已进入梦乡。看者我面前的白炽灯,几只蛾子飞舞着。
那么,我呢?我被捆绑上一个沉重的行囊,背着它们,与无数位武艺高强的人一同攀登那做巍峨的山,那山叫做“第一名”。谁先到达谁就是第一。一不小心,一失足,跌下深渊,万劫不复。大家都卯足全劲,手脚并用一个劲地往上爬。我们的行囊太重了,于是,我们卸下友谊,健康,快乐。这样子,我们只剩冷漠,无情,以及太多的如牛毛作业。
静静的夜色中,我静静地在写作业,时钟静静地在走。我们谁也不影响谁,谁也不吵着谁。
又是新的一天,又是漫天纷飞地责骂。看着那鲜红地分数,红墨水在纸上绽开殷红地涟漪。摔着我地试卷,心碎成一地地琉璃,我静静地扫着,扫进心里阴暗处。我的泪在滑过冰冷地面颊,“啪嗒”,滴在试卷上。黑色地墨水顿时绽开,绽出,绽出一朵黑色地花蕾,可与涟漪媲美。
母亲接过试卷,沉沉地叹了口气,她的鬓角已带雪,脸上褶皱深浅不一,我仿佛看到岁月在母亲脸上刻画地沧桑。我说:“妈,你放心,我一定出人头地。”我握着试卷,数在颤抖,走回房间,无法不大声哭泣。
母亲望女成凤地期盼,如同一把枷锁,磨损我地羽翼。于是,我又一头扎进题海,冰冷的海水刺痛我的肌肤。所有东西沉沉压着我,我带着父母的期盼,向深海里游去。混着冰冷的海水,我动了动嘴唇。
我说:“让我放一天假吧!”
今年暑假,我跟随爸爸的教师旅行团到广西桂林玩。在那里玩得非常开心,我从来没有这样高兴过。
那是八月份,我们一行来到这个称作“桂林山水甲天下”的美丽城市。那里的奇山异水,让我们赏心悦目。山,怪石嶙峋,危峰兀立;水,清澈见底,平缓流过。而让我记忆最深刻的是游漓江的那一幕幕……
那天早上吃过早点,我们就驱车从桂林来到阳朔。一下车,就有很多卖水枪的生意人围过来,我们早就听说漓江最好玩的就是打水战,我、马一玲、王子晨、康小涵等小孩及部分老师买了水枪。
接着我们又坐了一段电瓶车来到漓江岸边。五六个人坐一个竹排(带电动机,共使用了六个竹排。我们坐的那个竹排还没发动,谢萍老师她们那个竹排就遭到四周船工的围攻,于是她们奋起还击。由于船工的.火力太猛,几个回合下来,谢萍老师她们就顶不住了,只好撑起事先准备好的雨伞防御。我们由于离她们有段距离,鞭长莫及,只好干着急。幸好不久她们冲出了重围,我们一起向上游开去。
沿江我们看到前面的竹排之间酣战不休,个个淋得落汤鸡似的,全都湿透了。正在幸灾乐祸时,突然一股水流从后面袭来。回头看时,发现是两个跟我们差不多大的男孩和女孩正嬉皮笑脸地向我们肆无忌惮地开枪。惹恼怒了的我们立刻以牙还牙,你一枪我一枪劈头盖脸地向他们开枪过去。几十个回合不分高低,马一玲的爸爸见状立马加入我们的战线。战争的天平一下子倾向了我们,那两个人只有招架之工没有还手之力。见到来犯之敌受到了惩罚,我们就鸣金收兵。
大约过了1小时,我们来到了一个叫九马画山的悬崖前。悬崖上有九个白色的图景,导游说是九匹马。她说,相传这上面的马本是天宫神马,因为“弼马温”看管不严,便偷下凡间,在渡江饮水时,被一画工看见,画工想描绘下来,结果马儿受惊误入石壁而永留人间。我们差一点被迷人的神话陶醉了。
为了等后面的竹排,我们先到的就在九马画山对面的沙滩上休息。爸爸他们下水去游泳,我们几个小孩也不闲着,各自拿水枪干起来了。先是乘刘艳老师不备,群起攻击,使得她落荒而逃,一边逃还一边说:你们真调皮。后来我们就来了军阀混战,战得昏天黑地,一直到各自精疲力竭才桂免战牌。
后面的竹排到齐了,我们跟他们又休息了片刻。接着我们就往回走了。就在掉头往下游走时,一只搭乘外国游客的竹排从身边超速。马一玲和王子晨朝他们大声说“hello,howdoyoudo”。外国游客很友好,挥着手说“你好,你好”。那不太标准的普通话,让我们捧腹大笑。
由于他们手里有水枪,我们毫不客气地开枪过去。战了几个回合,他们就乖乖投降,连连说“no…no…no…”。我们优待俘虏,停战目送他们远去。
太阳渐渐西沉,我们也回到了下榻的酒店,但心情一直不能平静下来,那一天是我最最开心的日子,我从来没有这样高兴过。
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