作文的结构框架图【一】
说明文的说明对象就是你要说明的事物。
如何找准说明对象:
1、看题目，不少题目都表示说明的对象。
2、抓首括句和中心句。好的说明文往往运用这种句子来突出所要说明的事物和特征。
*指代
1 先找指代在原文中的位置。
2 看前后文,并判断指代的具体内容。
注：指代在原文中有具体内容的，一定要抄全！
作文的结构框架图【二】
1、说明的方法有：举例子,列数字,作比较,打比方等。
2、明白各种方法的作用。
举例子：这里使用了举例子的说明方法，具体说明了?? 作比较：这里拿?和?作比较，突出（具体）说明了?? 列数字：这里使用了列数字的说明方法，准确说明了??
例：1 “湖内有大小港岔200余条，半岛50多个，回水长10公里。”（列数字）
2 “即使人类不努力登上月球，包括信息技术在内的各种高科技也会得到发展，但发展速度要比现在慢很多。”（作比较）
3 “例如研究人类暴露在强辐射条件下的后果，寻找避免辐射对宇航员的血液造成危害的方法，使人们找到了治疗白血病、贫血等血液疾病的手段。”（举例子）
作文的结构框架图【三】
所谓创新结构，就是在的结构上打破常见的文章结构方式，而根据自己文章的特点，采用别人所不常用的结构，如下面列举了几种：
1．题记式。即在作文题目之下、正文之上，摘引一段简洁的，或仿写一段精粹的言论，单独成段，作为全文的题记，以凸显全文的中心，引导读者阅读。
2．后记式。即在全文的正文之后，补写一些文字，作为全文的后记，以说明这次作文的写作目的、经过、感触，或补充交代一些文中涉及的有关内容，帮助读者进一步理解全文。
3．序数式。即把全文内容细分为几大部分，每部分内容相对集中，再把各部分按序排列，用数字一、二、三……或字母A、B、C……表示序列的先后，且把数字或字母居中写在每部分的正文之上，使全文的内容、层次一目了然。
4．小标题式。即把全文的内容细分为几大部分，每部分都以一个凝练的小标题
加以统帅与凸显，让读者对全文的整体内容先睹为快。恰当地运用小标题，能使文章线
索清楚，层次明晰，且呈现匀称醒目的外在结构之美。如《我最喜欢的学校》这篇作文
有三个小标题，依次是：课堂笑语、师生浓情、节日欢歌。从三个不同的角度表现了校
园生活的美好，扣住了中心，而且层次清晰。小标题的运用，使作者的情感表达具有
更强的视觉冲击力。
5．式。即有意识地选用几篇有代表性的日记来组成全文的主体部分。这样有点带面，选取有典型意义的几个片段来表现中心。既然是日记，就要注意必须写明时间，必须是以第一人称来写，以独白方式写出自己的心里话，也可用来叙事。
6．书信式。即采用书信的结构形式来作文。这种形式更有利于真切地倾诉个人情感，鲜明地表达个人的观点，读者会情不自禁地以收信人的身份阅读全文。这样，作者就可以一下子拉近了与读者的心理距离，易于感染读者。
7．剧本式。有的考生机智地运用剧本这一众多考生尚感陌生的体裁构思成文，体现出强烈的创新意识。南京市考生的剧本《选择》堪称代表作。四幕剧《选择》的开篇以"旁白"点题，接着以"上学"、"举报"、"受贿"、"入狱"这四幕表现主人公王民由朴素廉洁到腐败堕落的过程，虽然时间跨度达30年，但矛盾冲突的层次清晰，反腐倡廉的主题鲜明，这些和作者采用的话剧形式达到较为和谐的统一，给人耳目一新之感。
8．组接式构思。组接式构思的特点是没有完整的事件，将不同的时空场景作蒙太奇般的组接合成，形散神聚，结构呈现内在的严谨性。2002年河北省中考要求以"发现"为，有位考生拟题《发现美丽》，文章主体部分的四段分别以"春"、"夏"、"秋"、"冬"领起，又分别以"啊，美哉!""啊，爽哉!""啊，快哉!""啊，乐哉!"作结，中间抒写作者对四季独特的审美感悟，构成镜头组接式结构，可谓匠心独运。文章结尾点出"人生的四季不也是一种需要不断发现的美丽吗"，以此升华主题，这是在组接式场景叙写的基础上的合乎逻辑的递进，使全文呈现出既整齐又跃动的结构特色。
9.谈心式构思。这种构思的创意在于全文以第二人称"你"展开，运用与读者对话、谈心的形式进行叙写，给读者一种近距离的亲近感。河北一考生拟题《发现你自己》，文中用"你"作称呼达42处，按照"发现你自己的人生坐标"、"发现你自己的奋斗动力"、"发现你自己的兴趣"这三个层次描述"发现自己"的审美内涵，新颖别致的表达形式，一声声贴心的呼唤，激起读者的强烈共鸣。
作文的结构框架图【四】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
作文的结构框架图【五】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
作文的结构框架图【六】
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的，他们合着的《关联性：交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面，其影响力已超出了语用学领域，延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解，要正确的理解自然语言，就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联，然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效，其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此，关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
作文的结构框架图【七】
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
