英语ab级作文类型是什么【一】
伍谦光(1995∶199指出:“‘词汇歧义’是指由于对句子中某一个词的意义有不同的理解而产生的歧义。”
2.1因“一词多义”(Polysemy引起的歧义
Robert.A.Hall指出“人们在各种不同场合赋予一个词以各种不同的意义。这些意义自然也就是这个词的真正涵义”(周立人,1997∶4。由此可见,一个词的词义往往是多义的。侯国金(1998∶66说:“一个词若具备两个或两个以上的意义便是‘多义词’。”因此,用多义词造句就可能产生歧义。当然,只要我们把多义词放到一定的语境里,一般可以避免歧义。不过有时我们会遇到一个多义词的两个不同意义在句子中都讲得通,这样,句子就产生了歧义。下面是一些实例:
2.1.1名词
(12Mr.Smith gave me a ring yesterday.
句子中的ring可理解为“戒指”,也可理解为“打电话”。
2.1.2动词
(13He painted a tree.
此句中的painted可作“涂上油漆”解,也可作“用颜料画”解。
2.1.3形容词
(14It is hard.
句中的hard可作“艰难的”解,又可作“坚硬的”解。
2.1.4副词
(15The man was walking backwards.
句中的backwards可作“向后”解,又可作“背朝后”解。
2.1.5介词
(16The vase is on the television.
此句中的on,可作“在……之上”解,也可作“上了电视屏幕”解。
2.1.6连词
(17Oil the machine in case it gets rusty.
句中的in case可解释为“以防”,也可解释为“如果”或“当……时候(尤其在美国英语中”。
2.1.7代词
(18You should be quiet.
句中的You可以是主格第二人称代词“你,你们”,也可以是不定人称代词,泛指“任何人”。
2.1.8数词
(19She is a mother of sixteen.
句中的基数词sixteen既可作“十六岁”解,又可作“十六个孩子”解。
2.1.9冠词
(20It can be moved by a child.
句中的不定冠词a既有数量的概念,即“one”的意义,也有种类的概念,即指孩子,而不是大人或其它什么东西。
2.2因“完全同形同音异义词”(Perfect homonyms引起的`歧义
林承璋(1997∶82认为:“同形同音异义是指两个或两个以上的词具有相同形式不同意义的现象。”具体来说,同形同音异义词是指意义不同、读音和拼写都相同或意义不同、但在读音或拼写某一方面相同的词。
完全同形同音异义中的B类由于读音、拼写和词性都相同,所以易引起歧义。下面是一些实例:
(21a.John drove to the bank.
b.He was attracted by the ball.
c.The tourists passed the port at midnight.
这三个例句中的bank,ball,port都属于完全同形同音异义词,即读音、拼写和词性都相同,但由于意义不同而引起了歧义。例(21a中的bank既可以理解为“银行”,又可以理解为“河岸”。例(21b中的ball既可以理解为“球”,又可以理解为“正式舞会”。例(21c中的port既可以理解为“港口”,又可以理解为“葡萄酒”。
英语ab级作文类型是什么【二】
Long, long ago, there were two brothers, the one rich and the other poor. When Christmas Eve came, the poor one had not a bite in the house, either of meat or bread; so he went to his brother, and begged him, in God's name, to give him something for Christmas Day. It was by no means the first time that the brother had been forced to give something to him, and he was not better pleased at being asked now than he generally was.
"If you will do what I ask you, you shall have a whole ham," said he. The poor one immediately thanked him, and promised this.
"Well, here is the ham, and now you must go straight to Dead Man's Hall," said the rich brother, throwing the ham to him.
"Well, I will do what I have promised," said the other, and he took the ham and set off. He went on and on for the livelong day, and at nightfall he came to a place where there was a bright light.
"I have no doubt this is the place," thought the man with the ham.
An old man with a long white beard was standing in the outhouse, chopping Yule logs.
"Good-evening," said the man with the ham.
"Good-evening to you. Where are you going at this late hour?" said the man.
"I am going to Dead Man's Hall, if only I am on the right track," answered the poor man.
"Oh! yes, you are right enough, for it is here," said the old man. "When you get inside they will all want to buy your ham, for they don't get much meat to eat there; but you must not sell it unless you can get the hand-mill which stands behind the door for it. When you come out again I will teach you how to stop the hand-mill, which is useful for almost everything."
So the man with the ham thanked the other for his good advice, and rapped at the door.
英语ab级作文类型是什么【三】
Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例:
1.1词性
一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。
(1College demands change.
很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。
1.2名词(修饰语+名词
1.2.1复合名词或名词短语
(2an English teacher
此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。
1.2.2-ing+名词
(3Flying planes can be dangerous.
此句也产生了两种意思:(1驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。
1.3带有’s的名词所有格
(4This is his teacher’s book.
句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1这是他的教师用书。(2这是他老师的书。
1.4不定式动词短语
(5The tiger is too small to kill.
此例也有两种含义:(1这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2这只老虎太小了,还不能被***。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。
1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构
(6I found Jim an experienced teacher.
及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1我发现吉姆原来是一位有的老师。(2我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。
1.6并列连词and
(7Tom and Lucy are married.
此句可理解为:(1汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。
1.7悬挂式否定词not
(8His object is not to eat.
此句产生的两种意思为:(1他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动。
1.8悬挂式代词
(9The man informed his brother that he should lose weight.
人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。
1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分
(10The people who saw the play frequently praised it.
这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。
1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分
(11Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday.
此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。
英语ab级作文类型是什么【四】
Life has its ups and downs, and only true friends always stay around. Like anyone else, I have got many friends. They often help me when I’m in trouble. Especially, when I fail in an examination, they always care for me and encourage me to study harder. Last year, when I was hurt in a basketball game, my friends took me to the nearby hospital at once and look after me by turns. In my eyes, friends are the most precious wealth that one should treasure all his life.
英语ab级作文类型是什么【五】
当前不少文学作品被改编成电影。
有人选择看电影，有人则喜欢读原著。
请你以“Film or book, which do you prefer”为题，按照下列要点写一篇英语短文：
1、看电影：省时、有趣、易懂
2、读原著：细节更多、语言优美
3、我的看法及理由
注意：1、词数：1502、参考词汇：original work或book in the original（原著）One possible Version
Film or book, which do you preferis that it takes less time to understand the whole story. Besides, the film is usually more interesting, and it is easier to follow.
They think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful. home, reading quietly in a situation of my own, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.
英语ab级作文类型是什么【六】
伍谦光(1995∶200指出:“‘语音歧义’往往是由于句中词语的‘连续’而产生的歧义。”语音歧义多出现于口语中,主要是由上图表中的同音异义词以及部分同形同音异义中的C类(即一些意义不同,但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms造成的。下面是一实例:
(22“面包是怎么做的?”
“这我知道!”阿丽丝热心地叫道。
“准备一些面粉(flour——”
“到哪儿去采花(flower?”白女王问道,“花园里还是树篱上?”
“咦,面粉不是采(picked来的,”阿丽丝解释道,
“它是磨(ground出来的——”
“那要多少英亩土地(ground呢?”白女王又问道。
——刘易士·卡罗尔《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》
上面这一段文字因为运用了语音歧义,造成了很好的幽默效果。首先flour与flower是同音异义词,因此白女王把面粉flour理解成了花粉flower。其次阿丽丝用的ground是动词grind(磨碎、碾碎的过去分词,而白女王把ground理解成了“土地”。这一组就是笔者认为的由意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词(Homoforms造成的语音歧义。
