1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
星期二,我搞值日,匆匆忙忙的,不到五分钟就完成了属于我的工作,便去老师那补习了,到放学回家为止都没在回教室过……
第二天,我哼着小曲儿走进了教室,不过很快就愣住了,大家都安安分分地坐在位子上看书,没有一点声音,安静得连翻书声都能听见。更奇怪的是,大家都愁眉苦脸的,很不开心的样子!这,大家都怎么了,怎么都不说话啊?平时可都不是这样的啊!就连最调皮的王明杰都在认认真真的看书,是不是发生什么事了啊?难道春游不可以去了?还是有同学又惹张老师生气啦?我一边想着许多不祥的可能,一边慢吞吞地走向座位。
可我就是没想到——我们班扣分了!这是我问了我同桌才知道的。我怀着一颗忐忑不安的心坐了下来,看得出,同学们都很失望。是什么地方扣了分?到底是谁?是谁给班级扣分了?真是可恶!我心中充满了疑问。
哦,张老师走进来了,“把课外书放进去!”那声音好冷啊,这还是张老师的声音吗?我看得出,张老师脸上充满了失望、生气、无奈……她看着我们,脸渐渐红了起来,一定是因为扣分的'事,肯定是扣了不该扣的分!
“大家都应该知道我们班扣分了吧,而且——是卫生扣了分,教室卫生!”张老师看着我们说道。我把头低了下来,突然有种不祥的预感,因为我昨天是搞卫生的。
而张老师见我们没反应,继续说道:“教室卫生一直是我强调最多的一块,可为什么我们还是扣分了呢?……就是因为有些同学把我的话当耳边风,值日不仔细,不认真,拿着扫把乱挥一通就自以为好了,万事大吉了。……昨天扫后面的是谁?”听到张老师最后一句话,我心头一震,啊,难道,难道是我给班级扣分了?
张老师说完便走到门旁的卫生表前看了起来,过了一会儿,有转过身来,说:“谢栩敏,昨天搞后面卫生的是不是你?”我吞吞吐吐地站了起来,点了点头。我分明看到张老师脸上掠过一丝惊讶的神色,不过这丝惊讶又立刻被生气取代了!……
我和张老师谈了许多,她讲的最多的就是万事要细心!不可以大大咧咧,马马虎虎的。是啊,要是我认认真真对待这每周一次的值日,就不会扣分了,我当时完全是应付了事,真是不该啊!
这是我第一次让班级扣了分,但我相信,也绝对是最后一次了!
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
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