杜威在《艺术即经验》一书中谈到了“一个经验”(an experience)的概念,并将之界定为:“我们在所经验到的物质走完其历程而达到完满时,就拥有了一个经验。”该界定显示出“一个经验”至少具有两重含义。一是完整性,即“走完其历程”。二是圆满性,即“达到完满”。完整性和圆满性共同构成了“一个经验”的内涵。应该说.在幼儿园教育活动中,教师大多能尊重幼儿对完整经验的需要,比如.给幼儿讲一个完整的故事,让幼儿唱完一首歌,帮助幼儿完整地经历一次科学探索活动,等等。然而,不少幼儿园在追求幼儿经验完整性的同时,往往忽略了幼儿所获经验的圆满性。例如,在美术活动中教师会不断地催促幼儿完成其作品;为了在活动结束时让幼儿得出答案,教师会缩减探索的时间,给予幼儿过多的直接帮助.等等。在这种情况下,虽然表面上看来,教育活动是完整的,教师引导幼儿获得了完成某一个教育活动任务的经验,但这种经验却是肤浅的,不具有累积性。
在有限的时间内试图完成一个完整的任务,常常会在关注幼儿经验完整性的同时,以牺牲幼儿经验的圆满性为代价。那么。如何在幼儿园的教育活动中使幼儿获得的经验既完整又圆满呢?一是分解。分解就是把原先过于庞大的“一个经验”分解为一个个小的“经验”。比如。要让幼儿了解水的特性,就可以让他们通过几次活动分别来探索水的颜色、味道、流动,物体的沉浮等不同特性。
对一首歌曲的学习,可以通过体验理解歌词、初步学会演唱、歌曲演唱与表演、音乐游戏与创造等几个层层叠加的活动分步骤地逐渐达成。在这种情况下,幼儿每一次都获得了相对完整的一个小的“经验”.而每一个小的“经验”的不断累积便构成了既完整又圆满的一个大的“经验”。这就好比我们成人在读长篇小说和看电视连续剧时的经验历程模式。二是留白。
留白是国画创作中的一种构图方法,以收到虚实相映,形神兼备的艺术境界。幼儿园教育工作的留白就是在教育活动设计时间歇性地预留一部分不做任何教学安排的时间。有了在活动设计时有意识的留白后,教师在教育活动过程中才有可能从急迫的教育任务中脱身,才有可能用更多的心力来观察、分析幼儿:当教师意识到幼儿在活动中的表现与活动计划不一致时,才能根据幼儿现场的反应调整教育计划,切实追随和满足幼儿的合理需要,使他们通过活动获得深人、满足的体验。三是时间。充足的活动时间是幼儿获得高质量经验的条件。要让幼儿的经验完整和圆满,教师必须学会放慢脚步,善于等待,让幼儿有足够的时间按自己的步调进行探索。有了充裕的活动时间,教师才可以不急于让幼儿获得某个既定的结论,幼儿也就可以按照自己的方式和速度自主探索,自己寻找结论,自己发现和修正错误。在这样的活动过程中,幼儿才会体验到挫败与成功,感受到困惑、激动、喜悦、失落、难过等各种情绪,幼儿所获得的经验才会是饱满、充实的,并在与原有经验的汇聚中成为推动幼儿成长的重要力量。
《图像时代的早期阅读》书中主要介绍了儿童图画书的发展历程,并介绍了图像时代的各国著名的早期阅读读本,告诉我们怎样的读本才是理想的早期阅读读本;还讲述了早期阅读的一些活动指导策略,并通过一些案例讲述了整合教育理念下的早期阅读,如有读本生成的课程、日常生活中的阅读、亲子阅读、动态图像阅读等等。帮助我们能科学地认识不同年龄段孩子的阅读需求特点,并掌握有效的阅读指导策略,开展有效的阅读活动。
在《图像时代的早期阅读》一书中,谈到早期阅读的指导方法时,其中有一点给我的体会较深,就是体察童趣,感受童书的神奇魅力。书中介绍了故事《来不及了,来不及了,快要来不及了??》这本绘本充满了童趣,小男孩急于想上卫生间,从一楼跑到五楼,最终才找到适合自己的卫生间的奇特经历。作者从孩子的眼光,用幽默的笔触描写了一位守规矩、对解手之事很顶真的小男孩,以十分快的熟读跑到动物展厅的一楼,看门的老伯伯对他说,楼下的卫生间坏了,但从二楼到五楼都有卫生间。可当小男孩跑到二楼时发现是长颈鹿的卫生间,长腿的它们用的小便池好高啊!小男孩只好再往三楼跑,推门进去,发现那是蝙蝠的卫生间,一只只蝙蝠用奇怪的姿势倒挂着,小男孩一时懵住了,便槽到底在哪里?“来不及了,来不及了,快要来不及了??”小男孩边叨念边疾步网四楼跑去,推门进去,哇!怎么是迷宫似的卫生间啊?这究竟是怎回事?便槽到底在哪儿?小男孩顾不上细想,又一股劲儿地往五楼跑。“来不及了,来不及了,快要来不及了??”当小男孩推门进卫生间,一个个明亮洁净的便槽出现在眼前。哇——好痛快!小男孩似乎完成了一件大事,他为能坚持找到真正适合自己的卫生间感到满意极了。该书从语言文字的传递到画面人物动态的刻画都十分儿童化,情趣十足。笑足之余,你会为一个认真、可爱的孩子所感动。
图画书所散发的美丽除了画面的精美,更重要的是书中的童趣。那种孩子身上特有的思想感情,那种单纯、幼稚可笑的语言、行为和心理活动,实在邻人着迷,忍俊不禁。
This is my first week in ** Senior Middle School.Everything here is new for me.Our school is an old school but it`s very beautiful.I have 50 new classmates in my class.They`re all very excellent, I think, and I felt a little sad.Because I`m too common.But come to think of it,it`s a very good thing.I believe I can also be very excellent if I study with such excellent classmates.I didn`t know why Ms *** chose me to be the committee of study.But I know it`s a good chance for me to raise my ability.All I can do is do my best in the future.I am sure that Ms *** and my classmates can help me when I do something wrong. Because they`re all very kind.It`s a pleasure to work and study with them.I`m really very happy.I`m not an outstanding student in this class,but I can do the same thing like others.I believe I won`t make anyone disappointed.
从前有个隐士,居住在山脚下的一片森林里,成天在祈祷和行善中度时光。为了敬奉上帝,每天晚上他都要扛两担水上山。山上风紧,非常缺水,即使是那些怕人的野鸟也会在空中盘旋,用它们那锐利的眼睛来寻找饮料,众动物和植物由此而得到了滋补和浇灌。
由于这隐士是那样的虔诚,上帝的一个天使现身了,每天跟这隐士上山去,数着他的步子,等他完工后,天使便给他东西吃,好像那旧时的预言家按上帝的旨意由乌鸦来供食一样。
这隐士始终是那样的虔诚,最后他年老了。一次他远远地瞧见了一个可怜的罪犯被带上绞架,只听他喃喃自语道:“那人是罪有应得!”
就在那天晚上,当他担水上山时,经常伴随他的天使不见了,后来也没给他送来食物。他害怕了,连忙反省自己,心想自己准是犯了罪,触怒了上帝,但左思右想都不知道那儿犯了罪。于是他不吃不喝,躺在地上,日夜祈祷。
一天,他又在森林里悲痛地哭泣,他听到了一只小鸟在尽情的歌唱,声音是那样的甜美,他的心情顿时更加忧伤了,说:“瞧你唱得多高兴,上帝没有生你的气,唉!你要是能告诉我我怎么得罪了他,我也好赎罪,那样我的心才会快活起来。”
只听鸟儿发话了:“你做了不义之事,你诅咒了一个被带上绞架的.罪犯,因此上帝动怒了,只有他才有裁判权啊!不过只要你悔罪改过,上帝会饶恕你的。”
这时天使又出现在他身边,手拿一根干树枝,说:“你应该带着这根树枝,直到上面发出三颗绿色的新芽来;不过晚上睡觉时,你得把它放在枕头下。你还得挨家挨户地去讨你的面包,不能在同一所屋子里留宿超过一夜。这就是上帝对你的惩罚。”
隐士接过了树枝,回到了他久别的尘世。他吃的喝的只是人家门口得到的施舍。但是许多人家都不理他的乞讨,有些人家干脆不开门,因而他有时连一点面包也得不到。
有一天,他又挨家挨户去乞讨,可从早到晚没有一家给过他东西,没有一户愿意留他过夜,最后他走进了一片森林,发现了一个人造的洞,洞内正坐着个老婆婆。
于是他说:“好心的老婆婆,让我在您家住一晚吧!”
只听老人回答:“不行,即使我愿意我也不敢,我有三个儿子,他们又野蛮又狠毒,他们现在出去抢劫去了,等他们回来发现你在这儿,我们俩就完了。”
隐士说:“让我留下来吧!他们不致于害你和我的。”
老婆婆菩萨心肠,被他说动了心。进去后隐士就在楼梯下躺下了,头下枕着这树枝。老人见此情形就问他原因,他告诉了她自己为悔罪得带着这根树枝四处流浪,晚上还要拿它做枕头,并说曾见到一个可怜的罪犯被带上绞架,自己却说他是罪有应得,于是触怒了上帝。
老人听完就哭了起来,只听她说:“如果上帝仅为说错一句话就惩罚你,那我那些儿子在接受上帝审判时,又该是什么下场呢?”
半夜了,强盗大吵大嚷着回家了。他们点上了火,洞内立刻明亮了,他们正巧发现楼梯下躺着个人,便勃然大怒,冲着他们的母亲嚷嚷:“这家伙是谁?我们不是禁止收留任何人吗?”
只听母亲说:“别动他,他是个可怜的人,正在赎他的罪呢!”
强盗们齐声问:“他干了什么啦?”
“老家伙,”他们吼道,“给我们讲讲你的罪过。”
于是老人爬了起来,原原本本告诉了他们自己怎样因一句话而触怒了上帝,现在他又得怎样来悔罪。他的这番话可把强盗们深深地打动了,他们对自己干过的一切感到了害怕,开始仔细反省,诚心悔悟,决心改过。
隐士使这三个人悔悟后,又回到楼梯下躺下了。
第二天早上,他们发现他已经死了,就在他头下枕着的干枝上,高高地长出了三根绿色的嫩枝。原来上帝又发了慈悲,把他收上了天堂。
Father's Day
Yesterday was Father's Day. I had planned to give my father a present. But I didn't remember it until in the morning.It was too late to post a card to him. So I decided to buy something. When I was in the department store. I found it was not easy for me to choose something right for him. Suddenly I
got an idea. I ran home and opened my computer. I made a beautiful card and mailed him through the Internet. then I began to make supper. When father came home, he was very glad to find a big meal on the table. then I asked him to check his e-mail. He was amazed to find a beautiful card in his e-mail-box.
What a wonderful surprise!
When I was a freshman in college I watched the film Gua Sha Treatment for the first time, now I am a junior student and I come back to review the movie from a multicultural aspect, I have many different feelings after watching the film again.
At the beginning of the film, XuDatong is given an award and later he delivers a speech. What makes me impressed most is in his speech he says “one day I will become one of you, a truly successful American, today this award proved that America is a true land of opportunity and I am the living proof of that.” At that moment Xu thinks he has realized his American Dream totally with his lovingly wife and adorable son. However, I think it is ironical that to make a speech like that and I assume it is made on purpose to hind a clue for the story's development. How many non—American people have such a beautiful American dream? One of my classmate studies in American now and before he went aboard he told me his American dream is he can stand at the top of the New York. To be honest, I also dream that one day I can get the Green Card living there happily and successfully maybe working at the Wall Street. When Xu gets the award he thinks he entirely melted in the melting pot neglecting the multicultural obstruct, later the plot goes against the way he thinks. And later Quinlan asked Xu'why you be the scapegoat of your father?' Xu answers 'because he is Chinese.' Then maybe Xu knows that there is always a wide gap between Chinese and American cultures.
The second scene is Xu hit his son Denis because Denis hit the son of xu's boss, at the middle of the film xu tells his boss that he hit his own son is only to show his respect to his boss John Quinlan, that time Quinlan feels puzzled “what a Chinese logic”,yes, American can never understand such a logic full of Chinese characteristic, because they respect everyone including the children, they won't beat a child to please the boss, and there is no such a conception of degree between employee and employer, they feel everyone is equal, which is quite different from china.
Connected to the second scene, the third difference I want to analyze is the care for the children. In America, people pay more attention to the right of children which can be seen from the law—leaving children alone at home is illegal, while in China it is so common that almost everyone may experience such loneliness. And Children Welfare Agency does work in America which shows the importance Americans attach to children's right. What's more, I remember a line 'No one won the case, especially the child.' In my opinion, it also manifests the universal concern from the American public to the children.
The fourth aspect is following the procedure, in the film, more than there times, the people focus on the rule, the law, the procedure. At the Christmas Eve Xu wants to return back to his home pretending as a Santa Claus, what a pity, the security recognizes him and persuades 'you are always a good tenement, never causes troubles for me.' And another scene is at the end of the film , the judge says 'I have to follow the procedure.' However, in China people always have to ask for a favor to do something, and later you have to pay back the favor,for myself, I prefer the American style, strict to the procedure.
The fifth and the last point is the humors, Quinlan says 'you can't fall, your health security is the company paid.' 'Datong, welcome home, maybe next time, you can come from the front door.' 'dady, why you come from the window' ' because we don't have a chimney.' I really adore this distinguished American humor, especially in dangerous situations, which is quite rare in China.
That's my whole reaction to Gua Sha Treatment.
当前不少文学作品被改编成电影。
有人选择看电影,有人则喜欢读原著。
请你以“Film or book, which do you prefer”为题,按照下列要点写一篇英语短文:
1、看电影:省时、有趣、易懂
2、读原著:细节更多、语言优美
3、我的看法及理由
注意:1、词数:1502、参考词汇:original work或book in the original(原著)One possible Version
Film or book, which do you preferis that it takes less time to understand the whole story. Besides, the film is usually more interesting, and it is easier to follow.
They think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful. home, reading quietly in a situation of my own, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.
暑假即将来临。
你班同学讨论了假期计划,提出了不同看法。
请根据提示写一篇有关讨论的英语短文,并谈谈你的看法。
注意:1.短文必须写在答题卡的指定区域,词数80——120(不含已写好部分)。
2.短文必须包括表中所列要点,可根据内容分段表达。
3.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
4.参考词汇:眼界——horizon(或view)
One possible version:
The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday. Some are in favor of staying at home. They think it’s both convenient and comfortable. What’s more, they can save money for other purposes. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world.
However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will spend more money and meet some difficulties while traveling.
In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework.
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