导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
李泽厚先生曾指出
犬儒学派的摩尼莫斯曾发出这样的论断:“万般如是,皆因人们认为如是。”可见从众的消费从来不缺市场。从古至今,历来如此。对真理的渴求和对群体的归属感像是一对孪生兄弟。越是在真假难辨的时代,拥抱的越紧,却又像奥勒留所言“两支反方向的箭”朝着截然相反的目标发射。提出观点,形成阵营本无可厚非,却在无知的看客的影响下不自觉地引发了道德站队和认知偏差:一旦陷入“多数人”的“群众广场”之中,冷静理性的分析、辨伪鉴识的能力便荡然无存。真理面前神圣的博弈,终不免落入小丑狂欢的窠臼。成为巴赫金所言“把肉搬走”的闹剧。
囿于“少数服从多数”之如洪水猛兽,又有人提出“真理掌握在少数人手中”的论断。此言不虚,服毒自***的茨威格、葬身鲜花广场的布鲁诺、被推上断头台的拉瓦锡,都牺牲于“多数人”的淫威和迫害。却最终被历史正名。可反观当下,掌握真理的少数人却早已变质,成为所谓“少数群体”抵抗质疑和讨论的挡箭牌,异化作其“拒绝与世界和解的”特赦令。于是历史的悲剧再次上演,只是角色悄然间已发生了转换,少数人站在“我就是真理”的道德制高点上,对着看似人多势众的多数人口诛笔伐。大肆批判,早已失去了理智和清醒,遑论对真理的求索。
严苛的社会制度体系,复杂的舆论生态环境,沉重的历史背景,很难说是什么让“多少之争”的悲剧不断重演。但正如余秋雨所言“大道向来是寂寞的。”我们也许无力改变这个世界,却也无需改变,“纵使你勃然大怒,他们依然无动于衷。”脱离群体,成为“畸零人”固然不可取,吠声吠形,沦为群体的附庸亦非良策,唯有携剜肉补疮的决绝,刮骨疗毒的清醒,秉“在无物之阵中左突右冲”的勇气,怀洞悉一切的'理性主义,方可做出无愧于心的裁决。我们不妨做扎米亚京“全是直线的世界”中唯一的曲线,力图证实自己存在的合理性,去做点燃火把的人,照亮柏拉图暗无天日的洞穴。“世界一直在变,可它千般变化,终不及你的些许改变。”
“这个时代被它奚落了,但他情绪低落。”时代与社会的变奏离不开每个人的参与,“天命反侧,何罚何佑”,历史的长河终会涤去浮于表面的流言,沉淀真理。要相信,人的灵魂是“直指向上的球体”,只要有越来越多的人挣脱“以多少论是非”的桎梏,那个迷茫的世界就会土崩瓦解,不复存在。而每个人的
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
森林,幽深而沉寂
古老的传说
是否会有童话般的美丽
去看一看倒退的时光
去看一看亲爱的奇迹
你的归来是奇妙的胜利
回忆带来轮回的意义
给你爱的每一个人
让他们分享你的朝气
好像没有怨言
好像没有非议
早逝的生命抗议命运的安排
所以回来看看同样的雨季
向日葵却在欢笑
金色的花瓣随风招摇
正像是当年种下的
翻滚的'向日葵海是思潮
思潮是翻滚的向日葵海
谁家的庭院中同样花开
又是谁,捧着
对往昔的思念
依依不舍?
当年亲手种下的种子
如今已开出鲜艳美丽的花
可惜你再也看不见了
但,
见与不见都同样值得追寻吧
仿佛一切已经约好
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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