阅读说明文时,边读边标出文章所使用的说明方法,然后总结主要使用了哪些方法,并进而分析这些说明方法对准确说明事物特征所起的作用。
二、逐段概括要点,理清说明顺序
概括要点时,要重视首括句、尾结句或提问式语句的作用,重视给概念下定义或解说的语句的作用。阅读时可以把这些语句勾画出来。概括要点时最好用完整的句子,意思要简明扼要。在逐段概括要点的基础上,用“同类合并”的方法,把全文划分为相对独立的几部分,概括出每部分的大意,把每部分的'大意依次连缀起来,就能比较清楚地显示出全文的说明顺序了。使用什么说明顺序,还要看说明的对象。一般来说,说明事物的演变发展的,用时间顺序;说明建筑物的,用空间顺序;介绍高科技产品或说明事物间的联系的,用逻辑顺序。
三、整体感知,把握中心
在理清说明顺序的基础上,分析段与段、部分与部分之间的关系,就容易看出文章的基本结构了。如是总―分式的结构还要着重分析“分”的部分是按什么原则组合的,是并列,是递进,还是包含有总分关系。递进式结构要着重分析各层意思是怎样逐步深入展开的,是由现象到本质,还是由个别到一般,或是从结果到原因等等。把握结构后,最好能画出结构示意图。说明中心就是归纳出一篇说明文说明了被说明事物的怎样的特征,或阐释怎样的事理。在理清说明顺序、把握文章结构的基础上,再归纳说明中心也就不难了。
四、语言准确性
准确是说明语言的特点。分析说明文语言,就是看遣词造句是怎样准确说明被说明事物的特征的。要注意分析关键词语的作用。如《向沙漠进军》一文中“沙漠是人类最顽强的自然敌人之一”中去掉“最”不足以说明沙漠危害之严重;去掉“自然”“敌人”性质就不清楚;去掉“之一”就绝对化了。当然,文字的生动性也应充分注意。
三国战争,历史上的空城计,草船借剑等战役,都有诸葛亮的功劳,忽然一日 在想,如果诸葛亮用上现代的手机会怎么样?
在一个偶然的机会,诸葛亮得到了几部手机,当时的他们靠骑兵骑马送信,有时一个信息,需要十天半个月才能送到。他发现这手机发信息非常的迅速便捷,欣喜若狂。便将仅有的几部手机发给西蜀的几位大将,并向他们讲解了手机的用途和使用方法。
关羽败走麦城,被吴军的一个小将马忠生擒。关羽被擒后,坚决不投降,被东吴斩***,刘备并不知道关羽已被擒斩***,刘备在不知情的.情况下,给关羽发了短信,说要和魏国一起干掉东吴,然后收集军马再干掉魏国。关羽死后,手机落在了东吴孙权手中,短信内容被孙权知道后,孙权怒气冲冠,和魏国通商,决定和魏国一起干掉蜀国。只是孙权没有告诉魏国,干完蜀国,他会一并干掉魏国。
此时,在蜀国,刘备正在想如何联合魏国,打败东吴。突然,诸葛亮冲了进来说道:“不好了,东吴和魏国一起来进攻我们。”刘备大惊失色,问道:“怎么会这样?东吴怎么会知道我们的计划?是谁走露了风声?难道我们内部有卧底?”诸葛亮问刘备:“您把我们的计划都告诉了谁?” 刘备说:“我发给了关羽、张飞和你。”诸葛亮道:“唉!关羽刘备听后差点晕倒在地,后悔莫及!就这样,东吴顺势将魏国干掉,统一了天下!
“孩子,该起床了……”妈妈的叫声把我从梦中惊醒,原来是午睡做的一个梦!嗨!幸亏是一个梦,我差一点篡改历史!
1.①能将作用于建筑物的负面影响的能量,转化为建筑环境所需能量的一部分,化害为利,并满足节能的要求。②具有独特的防水性能。③具有自洁净,防污渍功能。④具有自我诊断,预告遭受伤害或破坏的功能。⑤具有自我调节,自我修复功能。(4分。答出其中四个要点即可得4分;以此为基础,每少答或答错一个要点扣1分
2.功能仿生建材就是人们通过研究、模仿生物体固有的特性、功能研制出来的,具有或部分能够实现高级生物功能的智能化建筑材料。(3分。按三个部分赋分:“人们通过研究、模仿生物体固有的特性、功能研制出来”1分:“具有或部分能够实现高
级生物功能”1分:“智能化建筑材料”1分,意思对即可
3.在建筑界面外装置一层遮阳百叶作双层皮,并将通风管道置于双层皮中。(3分。若答“在一些高层建筑上……并满足节能要求”一句,得1分
4.功能仿生材料还有自我调节和自我修复等更加高级的功能(或“功能仿生建材更加高级的功能是自我调节和自我修复”。2分,调整或修改后仍不能准确表达出作者所要表达的意思的不得分
5.A(3分
6.示例:蝙蝠具有靠自身发射并接收超声波分辨物体大小和方位的功能。科研人员通过研究、模仿蝙蝠的功能,研制出了早已广泛应用于军事、科技领域的超声波雷达。这种雷达能对相关固定物体进行准确定位,并能提供一定范围内空中移动物体的有关信息。(3分。能叙述出仿生原理,1分;表述准确、完整,2分
Ⅰ单项选择
1.thehouseonfire,hedialed119.
A.ToseeB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Beingseen
2.Ifelldownandbrokethreeofmyteeth.IwonderhowmanytimesIhavetocomehereandgetmyfalseteeth.
A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD.tofix
3.We'retolistentoher_voice.It'stohearhersing.
A.pleased;pleasing;pleasureB.pleased;pleasant;apleasure
C.pleasing;pleased;apleasureD.pleasing;pleasant;pleasure
4.somestamps.
A.Passed,buyingB.Passing,tobuyC.Havingpassed,buyD.Pass,tobuy
5.withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.
A.ComparingB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Havingcompared
6.Herearesomenewcomputerprogramsforhomebuildings.
A.designingB.designC.designedD.todesign
7.alittlemoney,Jimmywasabletobuyhismotheralovelynewlamp.
A.TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD.Havingsaved
8.Theteachercameintotheclassroombyhisstudents.
A.followingB.tobefollowingC.followedD.havingfollowed.
9.Withthemoney,hecouldn'tbuyanyticket.
A.toloseB.losingC.lostD.haslost
10.Therewassomuchnoiseintheroomthatthespeakercouldn'tmakehimself.
A.beingheardB.hearingC.heardD.hear
11.Theresultofthetestwasrather.
A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.disappoint
12.I'veneverheardthewordinspokenEnglish.
A.useB.usedC.usingD.touse
13.howtodothehomework,Iwenttoaskmyteacherforhelp.
A.NottoknowB.NotknowingC.KnowingnotD.Notknown
14.Deeply,Ithankedheragainandagain.
A.beingmovingB.movedC.movingD.tobemoved
1
15.Withwinteron,it'stimetobuywarmclothes.
A.cameB.comesC.comeD.coming
16.theoffice,theforeignvisitorswereshownroundtheteachingbuilding.
A.HavingshownB.ShowingC.HasshownD.Havingbeenshown
17.Hewentfromdoortodoor,wastepapersandmagazines.
A.gatheringB.gatheredC.gatherD.beinggathered
18.Thestudentcorrectedhispapercarefully,theprofessor'ssuggestions.
A.followB.followingC.followedD.beingfollowed
19.Thepricewillsaveyouonedollarforeachdozen.
A.reduceB.reducingC.reducedD.reduces
20.Peopleinthecitydonotknowthepleasureofcountrylife.
A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living
21.Theforeignertriedhisbest,buthestillcouldn'tmakehispoint
A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.understood
22.Thescientistswerewaitingtoseetheproblem
A.settleB.settledC.tosettleD.settling
23.Thelibrary'sstudyroomisfullofstudentsfortheexam.
A.busilypreparedB.busypreparingC.busilyprepareD.arebusilypreparing
24.Thegroundiswithleaves.
A.covering,fallingB.covered,fallingC.covered,fallenD.covering,fallen
25.Lessonseasilyweresoonforgotten.
A.tolearnB.learnC.learnedD.learning
26.Thewalletseveraldaysagowasfoundinthedustbinoutsidethebuilding.
A.stolen,hiddenB.stealing,hidingC.stealing,hiddenD.stolen,hiding
27.Apersonaforeignlanguagemustbeabletousetheforeignlanguageown.
A.tolearn,toforgetB.learning,toforgetC.tolearn,forgettingD.learning,forgetting
28.differentkindsofpianos,theworkersfartherimprovedtheirquality.
A.ToproduceB.BeingproducedC.ProducedD.Havingproduced
29.Thestudentsintheuniversityarealltakingcoursesadegree.
A.comingtoB.goingtoC.leadingtoD.turningto
30.Manythingsimpossibleinthepastareverycommontoday.
A.considerB.consideringC.consideredD.beconsidered
2
31.manytimes,hestillcouldn'tunderstand.
A.HavingbeentoldB.HavingtoldC.HehavingbeentoldD.telling
32.Theoldsickladyenteredthehospital,hertwosons.
A.tosupportB.supportingC.supportedbyD.havingsupported
33.Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld,9.6millionsquarekilometres.
A.tocoverB.coveredC.coversD.covering
34."Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsatthemanincharge
oftheinformationoffice.
A.discussed,staredseriouslyB.beingdiscussed,seriouslystaring
C.tobediscussed,seriouslystaredD.discussed,stared
35.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,
A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added
36."Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.
A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing
37.thecomposition,Johnhandedittotheteacherandwentoutoftheroom.
A.WritingB.HavingwrittenC.WrittenD.Beingwritten
38.Wereyouwhenyousawthatwildanimal?
A.frightB.frighteningC.frightenedD.frighten
39.Properlywithnumbers,thebookscanbeeasilyfound.
A.markedB.markC.tomarkD.marking
40.Thechildsatinthedentist'schair.
A.trembleB.tremblingC.trembledD.totrembled
41.Atthismomentthebellrang
A.announceB.announcingC.announcedD.toannounce
42.Hewalkeddownthehills,softlytohimself.
A.singB.singingC.sungD.tosing
43.Ihadtoshouttomakemyselfabovethenoise.
A.heardB.hearingC.heardD.tohear
44.Thegraduatingstudentsarebusymaterialfortheirreports.
A.collectB.tocollectC.collectedD.collecting
45.ThecarsinBeijingareasgoodasthoseinShanghai.
A.produce,produceB.produced,produced
C.produced,producingD.producing,producing
46.WhenIcamein,IsawDr.Liapatient.
A.examineB.examiningC.toexamineD.examined
3
47.asatisfactoryoperation,thepatientrecoveredfromillnessveryquickly.
A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven
48.asatisfactoryoperation,thedoctorbelievedthepatientwouldrecoverfromhisillness
verysoon.
A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven
49.HewrotealettertomethathistriptoJapanhadbeenputoffbecauseofthebadweather.
A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed
50.Hereadsnewspaperseverydaytokeephimself__aboutwhat'sgoingonintheworld.
A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed
Ⅱ.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空
1.Shecaughtthestudent(cheatinexams.
2.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundhim(repairfarmtools.
3.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundthefarmtools.(repair
4.Justthenheheardsomeone
5.Heworkedsohardthathegothispay
6.Themissingboyswerelastseen(playneartheriver.
7.His__________(frightenexpressionmadehiswife__________(surprise.
8.Theworkershadthemachines(runallnightlongtofinishtheworkontime.
9.Peopleinthesouthhavetheirhouses(makeofbamboo.
10.(loseinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.
Ⅲ.改写下列句子,其划线部分应改为分词短语
1.Gentlemenalwaysshakehands
2.Acoldrainwasfalling.
3.Theoldmanwalkedslowly.
4.Theground
5.Thereisatalltree
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的`变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think …
I hope…
He does it.
He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time. (原因
比较:He is very much determined. He will carry it out this time.
2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.
比较:The weather is fine. A large number of people went sightseeing.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
比较:Africa is the second largest continent. Its size is about three times that of China.
3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question. (莎士比亚
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申
To do it well, you must plan it well.
比较:You want to do it well. And you must plan it well.
4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.
比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.
No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.
比较:He arrived home. And it began to rain.
5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.
比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.
That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.
当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.
●Actions speak louder than words.
●Practice makes perfect.
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