叙述:对事情原委、始末作直接的介绍、说明和交待,基本表达方式
描写:对人、事、物、景作具体、形象的刻画:人物描写肖象描写语言描写动作描写心理描写
景物描写:交待环境烘托气氛表现心理抒发感情
细节描写:具体生动
夹叙夹议:叙述或描写中穿插分析或评论。
抒情:对感受和感情的抒发、表达。直接抒情,直接抒发歌人或作者的思想感情;间接抒情,通过记叙、描写、或议论来抒发感情。
作文是中考的半壁江山,它的成败直接关系着中考成绩的高低,然而在复习中,学生受素材匮乏、生活阅历少、思路不开阔的`局限,复习效果不是太明显,成为学生中考作文出彩的瓶颈。对此,建议采取三线并行的方法。
一是写作知识专题编导。即就写作过程中的拟题、审题、立意、构思、选材、语言表达、结构布局等方面,一周一专题,引例进行知识与写作实践的辅导,辅以片断写作方式,让学生加以练习。
二是鉴赏蓄积,储备素材。“赏”即欣赏佳作。佳作并不匮乏,我们平常的阅读材料就是一个美文库,要在平常的练习中用心体会。“鉴”即借鉴择取。蓄积就是积累写作材料。对于初三学生而言,自己的生活本身就能引发他们纷繁的思绪,临考期间紧张的学习感受,同学间或明或暗的竞争,老师的殷切期望,家长的百倍呵护,同学情、师生情、亲情交织在一起,足以构成一曲情感交响曲,足以为中考作文写作蓄势。
三是各类题型的集中训练。即就中考作文中的话题作文、材料作文等各种形式的作文类型进行写作方法与技巧的指导与训练。
总之,进行总复习的时候,绝对不能盲目地练题,一定要多动脑子,要多看方向,多研究问题,这样才能有效率地复习好语文。
1、重视描写的运用
(1)描写人物语言生动活泼、有个性
(2)描写人物动作细描个体动作、精写连续动作(见片段1、2)
(3)描写人物心理以景物映衬、以动作和神态暗示
(4)描写人物肖像个体神态、描画笑容
(5)描写景物映衬写景(衬托人物心理)、以景析理(情景交融)
2、精妙的表现手法
(1)借物抒情,化直接为含蓄,如《背影》
(2)妙用修辞,蕴深意于物象,如片段3
(3)双线展开,相得益彰,如片段4
(4)借助蒙太奇(将全文所表现的内容分为许多不同地镜头,然后有机地组合起来,产生连贯、呼应、对比、暗示、联想等作用)如片段5
3、展示才情和文化底蕴
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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