总之运用一定的方法进行认真的分析,文章的论点还是可以把握的,但还要注意作者的分论点不要替代中心论点,作者阐述性的语句是对中心论点的演化,当然也不能替代中心论点。
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1. Keep up with current business news.
2. Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3. Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4. Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5. work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6. observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7. Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8. Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9. Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
针对作文主题,分析其内涵以及产生的原因、结果,揭示事物间的真实可靠的关系,全面构思。如以《风度》为题的分论点:
1、风度是一种美德,一种富有教养的臻于完善的气质和风采(是什么);
2、有了风度,能受到别人的敬重,人与人之间增进爱心,有利于和睦相处(为什么);
3、要有风度,须加强道德情操的修养,摒弃粗俗言行,自觉培养良好的风度(怎么样)
又如以“问——打开真理之门”为论点,然后分解成三个分论点:
①好问,就是对一切的未知、一切的疑惑都有一种好奇心与探究欲,是问的基础;
②敢问,就是敢于向权威、规则挑战,以求真知,是问的发展;
③会问,才能真正发现真理,是问的目的。
又如《诗意地生活》(07湖南卷)的论点。
1、理想。是第一层境界:“独上高楼,望断天涯路。
2、奋斗。是第二层境界:“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴。”
3、收获。是第三层境界:“蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处。”
A、马虎的字迹会贻误后人。
B、写字是用以交流思想、传播信息的。
C、字首先要写端正
D、做何事情要先为他人着想。
答题指导:所给的四项都有文章的内容有一定的联系。进一步分析,A虽与文章的内容联系紧密,但它只是第一节的一个分论点,并非全文的中心论点;B是写字的目的及 交际上的作用;D与文章论述的内容相距较大,因为作者要讲的问题并非是“做任何事”。无论用排斥法还是从全文围绕的内容看,正确答案应选C。
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