语言学习策略指“学习者为了使语言学习取得更好的效果而采取的各种策略,它既包括学习者为了更好地完成某个学习活动或学习任务而采取的微观策略,也包括学习者对自己的学习目标、学习过程、学习结果进行计划、调控、评估等而采取的宏观策略。一个成功的语言学习者常能根据任务的需要综合使用各种策略。使用有效的外语学习策略,不仅可以改进外语学习方式,促进语言技能的发展,还可以使学习者在语言学习中扮演更积极的角色,提高教学质量。
可见,学习者的学习策略知识对语言学习有积极的反拨效应,可以提高学生的语言水平英语教师如果能引导学生学会调整和运用英语学习策略,使他们用良好的学习策略来控制自己的学习方法和过程,就能大大提高英语学习的效率,更能帮助他们学会学习,习得终身学习的能力。但是,英语学习策略属于隐性知识,如何才能使学生了解、掌握和运用它们呢?知识管理为这一问题的解决提供了契机。
If I ruled the world, I would do some changes that will make the world become better. I would publicize concept of peace, and try to reduce wars. I would also try my best to reduce taxation, help poor people with their producion and make business revive. I would change education too, because it is said that the fature of a country depends on children of the country. In a way, the future of the world depends on children of the world. So I think, the education is a very important factor to make the world become better. I would reduce class-time, reduce homeworks and build many appliances for play on the playground. I would make the schools become a kind of place that kids can be happy there, and like there. I would definitely be a good leader. If somebedy gave me honor to rule the whole world, I wouldnt let him(her down. I would do anything I can do to make the world become more beautiful, more peaceful and warmer.
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1. Keep up with current business news.
2. Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3. Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4. Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5. work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6. observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7. Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8. Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9. Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true. however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. they bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. they think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single,yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true.however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
They are afraid we will have accidents as the river has no safty measures.
So, of course, we should go to the river for swimming. It may takes our life for no reason.
It is very cruel. Sometimes we can hear the news that someone die because of swimming in the river.
If we want to swim, we can go to the swimming pool with adults. This is safe. And we can also ask a teacher to teach us. Just remember, do not go to the river to swim secretly. We should take responsibility for ourselves.
大人们总是警告我们不要要江河水库游泳。他们担心我们会发生意外,因为江河水库没有相关的\'安全措施。所以,我们当然不能去江河水库游泳了。这很有可能会突然就夺走我们的生命,是很残酷的。有时候我们也会听到一些新闻说有人因去江河水库游泳而丧命。如果我们想要游泳,我们可以在大人的陪同下去游泳池游泳。这样是安全的,我们也可以请教练教我们。一定要谨记,不要私自到江河水库游泳。我们要对自己负责任。
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