说明文体是以说明为主要表达方式的文章,是对事物作客观说明的一种文体。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
(1 空间顺序
任何事物都有空间性。说明文抓住这个特点构成自己的条理,或者从上到下,或者从外到内,或者从左到右,或者从南到北,或者从远到近,或者从中间到四周,或者从整体到部分。在介绍某有建筑物的结构,说明某种产品的构造,介绍某一地方情况时都可以用这种方法安排材料,是读者对事物的各个部分和整体都有较明晰的认识。
(2 时间顺序
即按照时间先后顺序来安排。事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程。有些说明文根据事物的时间性,把事物的各部分组成先后关系,这也是一种条理性。介绍生物知识的说明文一般都是先发生的先写,后发生的后写。介绍生产技术和工作方法的说明文,一般按照生产和工作的程序,逐一说明。
(3 逻辑顺序
有些说明文主要是剖析事理的,在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排,或者从主到次,或者从浅到深,或者从原因到结果,构成严密的条理性。有些说明文还可以按事物的性质分几个方面来安排,这几个方面的材料就形成了一种并列关系。
我家住七楼,一楼的小军作文写得很好,但人长得有点丑。大大的耳朵像两把扇子;鼓鼓的眼睛像两颗大波珠;嘴巴张大时简直可以吞下一只恐龙。走起路来肥胖的肚子一晃一晃,仔细一听,还不时发出呜呜的响声,像是在化食消物。有一次,我的作文又被老师打了D等,心里很难受。回家的路上听见后面有人喊我的名字,我回头一看,原来是小军。“你怎么啦?”他说。我给他说了今天的事,他安慰我说:“没关系,以后每个星期六晚上我到你家去辅导你写作文。”我心里想:他只不过随口说说罢了,一到周末他还要忙着玩他的电脑呢。星期六晚上我也把这件事给忘了,正在玩电脑的时候,突然电话响了。里面传来小军的声音:“你有事吗?我这就上去教你写作文。”我这才想起前天他跟我说过的话。可是十分钟过后,还不见小军的'身影,我感到很奇怪,就下去看个究竟。刚下到五楼,就看见他正在爬楼。因为长得胖,手脚短,每上一个楼梯,似乎都要花费很大的力气,整张脸都变红了,额头渗满了汗珠,并不时停下来大口大口地喘气。看到他这么吃力的样子,我心里很是感激。
我悄悄回到屋子,打开冷气,倒了杯水等他。小军到了我家后,抹了一把汗,连我递过的水都不喝,就开始教我写作文。他教我如何审题,如何就文章选取材料,如何巧妙地安排材料等等。经过一段时间的辅导,我的作文水平得到了很大提高。期末考试,我的作文竟然拿到了满分。我兴奋地跑去告诉他这个好消息,并谢谢他每个周末爬七楼来教我学作文,他得意地扬扬手说:“我这是做减肥。”
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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