一部《三国演义》、一部《水浒传》,究竟写了多少巧合,那是难以数清的。正是这个原因,“无巧不成书”几乎成了过去说书人的口头禅。没有巧合,就没有故事;要想引人入胜,设置巧合是一种常用的写作技法。如课文《林教头风雪山神庙》,就安排了许多巧合。篇首写林教头巧遇李小二,为下文写李小二知恩图报埋下伏笔。后写李小二巧遇陆虞侯,牵出林冲上街买刀准备复仇的情节。再写草料场巧遇大风雪。正是风大雪紧,林冲才被迫到山神庙安身;正是风大雪紧,林冲进了山神庙,才用大石头顶住庙门,从而听到了仇人的谈话,知道了事情的真相。于是忍无可忍,愤而***敌,实现了性格上的质的飞跃。整篇课文,连设巧合,环环相扣,推动着情节发展。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
清人唐彪在《谱》中说:“世间文字,断无句句看题、句句不看题之理,其法在于离合相生。”又说:“离合相生者,谓将与题近,忽然扬开;将与题远,又复掉转回顾是也。”对于记叙文来说,就是在处理场面和情节的过程中,不必处处死扣主旨,而应采取“若即若离”的方式灵活安排,掀起文章的波澜,避免单调呆板。如季羡林的《马缨花》,文章用了几乎一半的篇幅回忆过去所住的大院,对这院子的人事沧桑、遗存古迹等等描写得十分具体细微,初读会以为这是回忆往昔居室中闪现出“一股似浓似淡的香气”,以为主人公马缨花登上了文章的中心位置。往后就写马缨花的“绿云红雾飘满了北京”,正是这马缨花的“影”与“光”的对比,“带给我无穷无尽的力量”。至此,文章完成了对马缨花的全面的描绘和赞美。原来,前面部分是写马缨花的“影”的广阔社会背景,没有“影”的对照,就不能衬出“光”。影中的马缨花值得留念,光中的马缨花则更可爱。这不正是“离合相生”吗?
“一张一弛,文武之道”,叙述故事情节,如果有张有弛,就不致显得急促或平淡无奇。如《荷花淀》,前面部分写水乡,风景异常恬静美好,给人一种和平的感觉,这是弛。接着作者转过笔锋,描写水上一场激烈的游击战,使浓烈的战争气氛弥漫其间,这是张。又如《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》,开头写春节过后北京王府井大街的特种药品商店的热闹景象,这是弛;接着写突然传来平陆县委的求援电话,这是张;再接下去补叙事情的发生,这又是弛。一张一弛,文章就有波澜了。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
正面直接写叫实写,侧面间接写叫虚写,虚写为实写服务。文章要以实带虚,虚中见实,相辅相成,形成一个又一个波澜。如《藤野先生》主要叙述作者与藤野先生的交往,但开头三小节没有直接去写,而是奇峰突起,以冷嘲热讽的笔调刻画了清国留学“逛公园、学跳舞”的思想腐朽、不学无术的丑恶形象。鲁迅对东京的失望,实际上是为中国人的麻木而痛心,从侧面表露了作者不甘同流合污、不与之为伍的爱国之情。又如《荷花淀》,实写水生嫂和水生的对话,虚写水生他们报名参加“地区队”;实写荷花淀几个青年妇女翻身跳下水的紧张场景,虚写参军的战士们紧张迎敌的表现。这样,以实显虚,以虚映实,青年妇女的战斗生活得到生动的`刻画,而青年男子的战斗作用也由此表现得富有情趣。
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