语言学习策略指“学习者为了使语言学习取得更好的效果而采取的各种策略,它既包括学习者为了更好地完成某个学习活动或学习任务而采取的微观策略,也包括学习者对自己的学习目标、学习过程、学习结果进行计划、调控、评估等而采取的宏观策略。一个成功的语言学习者常能根据任务的需要综合使用各种策略。使用有效的外语学习策略,不仅可以改进外语学习方式,促进语言技能的发展,还可以使学习者在语言学习中扮演更积极的角色,提高教学质量。
可见,学习者的学习策略知识对语言学习有积极的反拨效应,可以提高学生的语言水平英语教师如果能引导学生学会调整和运用英语学习策略,使他们用良好的学习策略来控制自己的学习方法和过程,就能大大提高英语学习的效率,更能帮助他们学会学习,习得终身学习的能力。但是,英语学习策略属于隐性知识,如何才能使学生了解、掌握和运用它们呢?知识管理为这一问题的解决提供了契机。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
2、加强科学管理。实行有机栽培和无公害栽培,努力减少化肥、农药所造成的污染,生产出消费者喜欢的无公害果品。同时,树上管理与地面管理配套进行,既要把果树树形修剪整理成奇特观赏形状,又要把地面上的喷灌、滴灌等建成喷泉或观光工程,营造新、奇、乐景观。
3、注重配套开发。观光果园在靠游客自采果实的主业收入的'同时,要注重各种副业的开发,增加收入。如各种微型果树盆景的开发、各种果树新品种资源的开发、各种绿色(无公害)果品礼品的开发、各种蔬菜盆景的开发、各种鸡、兔、鸽等小动物观赏品种的商品性开发、各种花、鸟、虫、鱼的开发等等,以此提高观光果园的观光内容和综合效益。
这是一个终身学习的时代,知识是人类最重要的资产。有效的知识管理对于教育的整体发展与全面革新具有积极意义。受之以鱼不如授之以渔,通过英语学习策略的知识管理,可以优化语言学习的过程和效果,有利于提高学生的自主学习能力,把他们培养成为终身学习者。
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1. Keep up with current business news.
2. Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3. Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4. Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5. work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6. observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7. Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8. Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9. Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
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