一般来说,议论文的结构模式体现在:
一、材料作文:“引——析——提——联——结”的论证结构。
“引”——定向剪裁,概述材料。所谓“概述”,就是不能将题目所给材料原文照搬,而是对准自己立论的指向剪裁材料,使材料为我所用的“定向剪裁”。应抓住材料的核心内容简要叙述,
“析“——分析材料,突出感点。“析”,就是围绕议论的中心对引录材料内容的寓意进行扼要分析。要求分析得准确,切合事理,语言精要。“析”的目的是为中心论点的提出创造理论的条件。
“提”——提出论点,纲举目张。“提”,就是通过材料的分析之后,顺势提出中心论点。根据内容的需要,有时也可以将“析”与“提”两部分的观点“合二为一”。中心论点是全文内容的“神”,材料组合的“纲”,起统帅作用。因此,论点的提炼,必须做到:扣材、准确、稳妥、鲜明、简洁。
“联”——联想联系,论证论点。“引”“析“后,作文就完成了对材料的处理。“联”是运用材料提供的道理来类比社会生活,议论社会生活的过程。可以联想类似的'道理(从道理上论证),也可以联想相关的社会生活现象(从事实上论证)。这部分是作文的重点,既要放开思路,又要概括力强;既要重点突出,又要正反结合。 “结”——重申材料,深化论点。结尾呼应开头,或进一步强调论点,或提出解决问题的办法,或提出希望要求。
二、其它形式的议论文(包含话题作文)一般体现在:
“立论——入据——结承——迭据——归纳”的论证结构。
第一步:立论。即在文章开篇首先明确提出论点,给人以论点鲜明的印象。当然,也可以说明论证的背景、缘由等有关前提,通过简单引述,提出论点。
第二步:入据。即在上面提出论点后,第一次进入用论据阐述。这一步定位的论据最好选用史实,一般应是较古老的历史论据。有时可以是寓言、传说、历史掌故、名人轶闻轶事等。
第三步:结承。即在第二步阐述论据的基础上,进行简要分析,指出其具有的一般意义,进行小结。在此基础上,要随之联系现实生活,对论点加以阐述,承上启下,为下一步论证做准备。
第四步:迭据。即在上文小结承转之后,再一次运用现实生活中的事例作论据,进行论证。选用的事例要新,最好是当前媒体中新出现的典型事例。这些论据实际上与第二步中的历史论据形成推进和迭加的关系,故称之为“迭据”。这样,一古一今,一旧一新,选择的论据,角度有变化,为论点提供了扎实有效的证明事例。
第五步:归纳。在前面双重的事实论据论证的基础上,进行综合分析,以进一步揭示论点在当代的现实意义,或者提出解决问题的思路和方法,对全文加以总结。 参考例文可以参见8号文。
议论文的结构模式多种,一般我们要求掌握一二种适合自己写法的议论文模式,下面列举几种常用易写的几种模式,供同学们选择:
1、层进式结构(是什么?即提出观点;为什么?即分析原因;怎么办?即提出对策、分析对策、论证对策。)(参考1-2号文)
2、并列式结构(分论点并列、论据并列)(参考3-5号文)
3、对照式结构(正反对比、转折补充)(参考6-7号文)
4、中规中矩总分式(参考《高考作文晋级指导》p153《诗意地生活》)
“You always say that I am naive. In your eyes, I am always the little girl who will never grow up”. This is my favorite song and also the sound from the bottom of my heart. You made me feel so lucky to be your child. But I find our hearts getting further apart as time goes by.
You strictly forbid me to do entertaining activities even if I finished my homework, such as watching TV or playing computer games. Based on this, I couldn’t get any grade less than A. It is said that genius only means hard-working all one’s life. But I think combining exertion is the best way for learning.
The most important thing to me was that I feel frustrated for having few friends to confide in due to your strict rules. I can’t have a play date, participate in a school play or even choose my own extracurricular activities. Who will accept such a boring and troublesome person? I am just an ordinary girl who can’t stand loneliness, so I always feel contradictory.
On the one hand, I’m grateful to have you in my life, to disappoint you was the least I would do. On the other hand, what you asked for me made me felt like a puppet rather than a real person. I appreciated your efforts to pull me away from a self-indulgent life, but your obsessively extravagant strictness has pushed me into an isolated and insensible one. I need a little freedom so that I will concentrate on something I really interested in.
Father and mother, these words were hid in my deep heart for a long time. I love you, and I believe if you change some harsh rules. I will have a wonderful life.
Best wishes.
Yours, daughter
Dear Mum and Dad:
How are you doing?
I’m writing to you about my gratitude for your having brought me up and my future plan.
Dear Mum and Dad,I am already 18 years old,which shows that I have grown up.Whenever I am thinking of this,I can’t help feeling grateful to you .It is you who first give me encouragement when I meet with difficulties,especially when I am not getting along well with my studies.Indeed,your inspiration seems to be a lamp,which offers me light of hope,
courage and confidence.And more importantly,you are always teaching me to be good to others,and try to contribute to our society.
Dear Mum and Dad,I an now a senior three student ,who is facing the competitive national college entrance.
examinations,So first of all,I ought to try my best to pass the exams.I am sure that through my great efforts I can and will be able to realize my beautiful dream of being a key university student.Then,I will strive to be an independent youth.The social situation I will be facing must be more competitive,so I will develop and prepare myself to be a youth with a strong sense of cooperation and competition.Believe in me,Mum and Dad,I will make a difference.
Best regards to you .
Yours sincerely,
Wang Hua
dear chen lin and li hua,
i’ve just been out of hospital for a couple of days. right now ,i am really fine, but without your support, i wouldn’t have got better so soon.
you know, the traffic accident gave me a very hard blow, both physically and mentally. in the first two weeks after my injury, i almost lost my confidence in my future life. it is the doctors’and your encouragement that rendered me much strength and determination。
anyway, i learned a lot from this unfortunate accident. i’d neverrealize how important your friendship was to me. i can’t say anymore to show my gratitude for your taking turns keeping me company,and getting me through the blue time.
next saturday, my mother would give a recovery party to thank myfriends. i really want to see you there. so, 7 o’clock at my place,ok?
your truly,
li ming
dear vv,
your delightful present,vv,reched me vv and i must thank you very much indeed for it.it was awfully kind of you to think of me.you could not have chosen anything else that would have given me more pleasure.i put it to use right away,and have already had some pleasant time out of it.
once again,many thanks.
yours,
vvx
Dear mom:
This is the first time i write a letter to y ou in English,so i think i should say tha nks to you frist. That you give life to me,that you bring me to the world.
Sometimes i may make you angry,because i don`t adjust my fa ult.But i am sure i won`t do that things again,i think i have grown up,i must be able to tell the things true or fault.
My d ear mother ,you are the greatest perso n in the world,you are the most import ant person in my life.the love you give me is the greatst one in the world. My dear mother,i have to stop here,bec ause my vocabulary is very limited ,i wil l write more letters in the future ,at tha t time i can write a much longer one to you.
Thank you again ,my dear mother!
Yours son,
xxxx.x.x
Dearest Mother and Father:
I thank you for all the things you did for me over these years, without you, I would still be a toddler that don't know how to respect my friends. Without you, I would remain a child forever, without you, my homeworks and assignments would forever be "lost" and excused. I remembered, clear as glass, the glorious days we had when I was young, when we went travelling everywhere and our smiles on our pretty faces each and every single second. My heart felt very warm and thankful whenever I thought of you, it's like there's an unknown bond between the three of us, it tied us together, and made us a true family.
Your Love and Star,
xx
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