作文框架思维训练【一】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
作文框架思维训练【二】
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下，从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写，把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程，在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联，对真实交际意图做作出推理，从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解，达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献：
[1]Gutt，Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance：Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford：Blackwell，1991。
[2]Sperber，D。& Wilson，D。Relevance：Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford： Blackwell，1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究，1999，（3）。
[4]蒋坚松，黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007。
作文框架思维训练【三】
小伙子哈里认识了两个女孩子，他觉得两个女孩子都很好，但不能脚踏两只船，所以必须选择一个继续交往，这时他感觉很为难。于是他用富兰克林的“资产负债表”列了两个女孩的优势，当最后结果出来的时候，哈里却从心底里抵触这个结果，这时他已经知道他爱的是哪一个女孩，与权衡的结果完全相反。所以有时候，有意识的推理做出的决定我们并不满意。似乎我们的内在有一种更强的东西在无意识地替我们做出选择。我们通常用“直觉”、“第六感”等词来描述它。
底特律和密尔沃基是美国的两个城市，这两个城市的人口哪个更多一些呢？如果你拿这个问题分别去问美国学生和德国学生。你觉得哪国学生的正确率会高一些呢？按照逻辑来讲，美国学生对美国的地理更了解一些，应该正确率会高一些，但事实恰恰相反，很多德国学生只听说过底特律而没有听过密尔沃基，所以他们很多凭直觉选了自己知道的那个，恰恰这就是正确答案。
神奇的直觉帮我们做出了正确的抉择。这只是碰巧而已吗？并非如此哦，直觉的背后也有其科学原理。
作文框架思维训练【四】
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
作文框架思维训练【五】
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
作文框架思维训练【六】
那我们如何运用直觉快速做出决策呢？书中提到了两种决策方式，我们不必权衡所有的因素就能快速做出决定。
一种是序列决策，它包括三个模块，按照重要程度找出理由，一旦在选项中出现一个理由不同的情况，立即停止搜索，然后根据这个理由得出决策。就好像查字典一样，先查第一个字母，再是第二个，一旦查到了，我们就不需要每个字母都查过去了，这样能大大提高效率。而且这样的决策方式往往是基于重要因素而得出的，这样就忽略了一些不那么重要的因素，也就是说好的理由一个就够了，我们并不需要那么多的信息。
另外一种是简明树形图，它也包括三个模块，根据重要性排序找出各种因素，如果根据某个因素可以做出决定，就停止寻找其他因素，然后根据这个因素将物体分类。这种方法通常用在医生做病情判断，避免过度治疗。
我们的世界是一个复杂的世界，在复杂世界里，很多情况无法单纯地用逻辑去推理判断，因为逻辑更多的是基于简单情况而存在的。如果事事要用逻辑推理，那我们会活得太累而且没有质量。所以，复杂世界，不妨简单应对。尤其是信息不足够的时候，我们更可以相信自己的直觉，相信你内心无意识的智慧。《直觉思维》告诉我们，我们的生活除了理性以外，可以去相信我们感性的直觉，两者相辅相成，相信我们的生活会更轻松。
作文框架思维训练【七】
直觉的原理包含两个部分：简单的法则和大脑的进化能力。
人类经过长久的进化，积累了无数的经验法则，这些经验法则简单实用，让我们用最快速、保险的方式做出决定。因为世界本身很复杂，如果事事用逻辑推算，去权衡结果的话，这个过程就会变得非常复杂，而且结果未必如人意。比如你去超市购买一种牛奶，一个是你熟悉的品牌，一个是你不熟悉的品牌。大多数人都会选择熟悉的那一种，因为不熟悉的那个品牌的牛奶你不能确定家人是不是爱喝？会不会喝了不适应？或者会不会有食品安全问题。而熟悉的那个品牌，你每个礼拜都在买，你确定它的口味、适应性及安全性都有保证。所以经验让你快速做出决定，选择熟悉的那个品牌。这里就运用了再认启发法，所以很多广告商都把被识别本身当成一个目标，让消费者对品牌产生熟悉度，这样选择该品牌的可能性就更高。
大脑的进化能力包括语言、认知记忆、物体追踪、模仿和情感，人类的大脑经过进化，留下了最适应环境的那部分能力。这些能力就好像是放在一个工具箱里的工具，当出现什么样的环境，什么样的情况的.时候，我们的无意识就会自动调用工具箱中的工具去解决对应的问题。
所以直觉的潜在智慧是为恰当的环境选择恰当的经验法则。
作文框架思维训练【八】
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的，他们合着的《关联性：交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面，其影响力已超出了语用学领域，延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解，要正确的理解自然语言，就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联，然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效，其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此，关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
