1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
经历了这么多才发现、原来那个最疼我的人一直就在我身边——爸爸。
1米73的身躯支撑着不足115斤的自己,削瘦的脸颊一直印在我的脑海里。生病时仍然会威严地在工地上发号施令,言词中有种让人不可违抗的感觉。
爸爸很少跟我说话,为了这个家,他必须很努力地工作工作再工作,常常会加班到第二天早上2点。看着他布满血丝的眼睛,总会忍不住心疼,可是我却无法接近他。他匆匆的脚步甩下了我,焦急、烦躁的表情阻止我,让我远离他。爸爸像是一头易怒的狮子,以至于我看见他想躲着他,却又想关心他。毕竟,他是为了我们的。
爸爸会努力满足我学习上的一切要求,他支持我的兴趣爱好,不会逼我做我不想做的事情。他只是不善于表达自己的情感,说话时总是有总冷冰冰的感觉,我能意识到他的爱。晚上我喜欢看书,看得很晚,爸爸会提醒我早点睡觉,明天起不来把我从床上扔下来。其实他只是想让我听话,早点睡觉。习惯了他说话时的言外之意,我的大脑总会自动省略他最后一句警告,让话听起来更温馨。
永远忘不掉我生日前一天爸爸对妈妈说的话。生日、我想要一只小熊,每年都有一只的。最近家里经济状况不是很好,妈妈说不买了,心里真的很难受,一整天都撅着嘴抱怨。爸爸无意中看见,问了妈妈原因后说:“她要买就给她买吧!10几岁了、何况明天是她生日呢!”第二天,我如愿以偿地得到了我要的小熊,可是爸爸的眉头锁得更紧了。在家里经济条件不好的情况下我不应该提这样的要求,哪怕是以后补给我也行的。爸爸宁愿自己愁也不愿意让我不高兴。对不起、我错了。我会乖乖的了、
想想以前总是说:“没人在乎我了、没人要我了.”真的是没人要了么?不是、至少爸爸还是疼我的!
那个最疼我的人、谢谢你。
今天,我写完作业,拿着一块豆沙面包,高高兴兴地出去玩。
一不小心,一块豆沙馅儿掉在了地上。不一会儿,一只小蚂蚁来了,它先用鼻子闻了闻,又用触角动了动,然后,绕着豆沙馅儿转了几圈,好像觉得没问题了,就用夹子夹起一小块走了,我以为它饿了,想给自己搬回去些美食,谁知,它走到蚂蚁洞门口放下豆沙馅钻进洞去了。不一会儿,又上来了一只小蚂蚁,不,是两只,三只……
哦,原来小蚂蚁是把它们的伙伴都交来搬运食物了,你看它们,搬得多带劲呀!小块的一人夹,大块的两人扛,不一会儿,一块豆沙馅就分抢一空了。
我想再看得仔细些,就又故意仍下一块豆沙馅,这回,有一只小蚂蚁想搬块大的,不料刚晃晃悠悠走了几步,自己就被压在了豆沙馅下面,两只小腿在不停地上下踢着,试图努力站起来,我真不忍心看下去,就用手轻轻一拨,小蚂蚁咕噜一下翻过了身,小蚂蚁得救了,它爬到我的跟前,用触角碰碰我的鞋,好像在说:“谢谢你救了我,还给我们这么多好吃的东西。”这下,小蚂蚁吸取了教训,叫了一个同伴一起把大豆沙馅扛回洞去。这么大的一块豆沙馅又被它们搬完了。蚂蚁虽小,但是心里却时时想着别人,有好东西能够大家一起分享,还有它们的团结互助精神和坚韧不拔的毅力,对比我们人类,难道不应该向小蚂蚁学点什么吗?
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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