去年冬天,在机缘巧合之下去了甘肃省博物馆。这也是我第一次去历史类的博物馆。我们一行人刚到博物馆的时候,首先看到的是笼罩在夕阳余晖下的庄严肃穆的博物馆大楼。博物馆可以参观的有三层楼,包括了丝绸之路文明展、甘肃彩陶展、甘肃佛教艺术展等多个展厅。游览的时候我们没有请博物馆解说员,我们咨询的语音讲解自助服务后来也无疾而终。但后来有幸蹭到其他讲解员的解说,确实有不错的效果。
兰州,作为古丝绸之路的一个重要城市,曾经也是盛极一时。从精湛的马踏飞燕、色彩艳丽的玻璃莲花托展中似乎可以窥见一二;馆中魏晋丰富的壁画墓砖向后人生动的展示着当时人民的田园生活和家居生活;形象逼真的彩绘泥俑透露着当时社会的人情风貌和精湛卓越的手工技巧。
在游览完博物馆后,不禁感叹,博物馆真是一个集娱乐教育于一体的公共服务机构。相比学校教育,参观博物馆的第一感觉是自由,没有固定的参观顺序,没有一成不变的说教,可以自由的徜徉在与历史的对话中,并且在参观博物馆的过程中,没有课业压力,参观什么藏品全凭兴趣爱好。所以这一整个过程完全是美与知识的享受。
我们一直在说“文化自信”。“文化自信”从哪里来?来自中华民族几千年的优秀传统文化中。博物馆的藏品无一不向我们展示着中国传统文化的魅力。参观博物馆既是寻根寻源的的探索,也是传承发展中国优秀传统文化的历程。
博物馆教育是对历史的探寻、文化的传承,对于青少年来说更是一种情感的熏陶。比起学校教育,博物馆教育有许多优势。
首先博物馆教育打破了学校教育资源的局限,以实物为媒介,能创设出更加直观和真实的教育情景,用强烈的视觉冲突来增强学生对文化的理解和感受。比起传统课堂上的说教,让学生自己去发现、探索,更加有利于学生创造力思维的发展。
其次,博物馆课程更具综合性,既有对历史的探寻,也有美与情感的享受。这就对于分科课程来说,更有利于学生全面发展。
最后,博物馆教育方式更加灵活,可以由工作人员讲解,可以讲解加动手制作,也可以模拟实地考察。多样的教育方式既能增加学生的兴趣,也使中华文化在传承中不断创新发展。
曾有过一次去甘肃省兰州出差的机会,这是一座有历史文化的省会城市。由于早就听闻甘肃省博物馆为国家一级博物馆,藏品价值连城。所以,在业务之外,便挤出时间参观了这个心中向往已久的殿堂,也有幸在这里领略到齐家文化精髓。
位于甘肃省兰州市七里河区西津西路3号的甘肃省博物馆,离中山桥不远,走一段路便到了。甘肃省博物馆收藏藏品繁多,有历史文物、近现代文物、民族文物、和古生物化石及标本约35万余件。在这里,我看到了马踏飞燕这件镇馆之物。而心仪已久的齐家文化中的彩陶也能在这里看到。
在甘肃省博物馆被,有一项展品是十分珍贵,且觉有十分高的学术和艺术价值的,这就是远古时期的陶器。属于齐家文化的范畴陶器,纹饰十分艳丽多姿,美轮美奂。
齐家文化是以中国甘肃为中心地区的新石器时代晚期文化,因在齐家坪发现遗址而得名。时间跨度约公元前2200年至公元前1600年的齐家文化,是黄河上游地区一支具有特殊价值的考古学文化。
齐家文化的陶器以黄色陶器为主,且有刻创纹路,并常有绳纹。特色非常鲜明。主要是泥质红陶和夹砂红褐陶,一些器物的表面施以白色陶衣。
齐家文化的陶器基本是素面的,也有少量彩陶,绘以菱形、网格、三角、水波和蝶形花纹,线条简化而流畅。
器物造型以平底器为主,三足器和圈足器较少。介绍人员向我们介绍了一个典型器物,就一个三足器。齐家文化的陶工善于用粘土捏制各种人头造型和动物塑像,人头长颈圆颊,双眼仰望;动物有马、羊或狗等,形体小巧生动。
通过这次参观,使笔者对齐家文化有了一定的了解,笔者也惊叹,数千年前的人类有着非常高的智慧,能创造出如此美丽的陶器。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
超市的公交IC卡的充值终端一直在升级中,不得不徒步去很远的华润万家一层充值中心。
大街上的人真多,这是我来到兰州,一直存在的印象,到这个清明节,满一年,真快!
我思故我在,穿梭在人群中,我一直在想,自己存在的价值,是我现在的工作吗?是我依赖于工作,还是工作依赖于我?假如我丢了工作,又该往何处。
昨天,去省博物馆参观了一圈,有悠长的茶马古道,先进的齐家文化,艰苦的红色甘肃,更有恐龙时代,早期人类的遗迹。遗憾的是,没有看到镇馆之宝——铜奔马。
甘肃省博物馆,从入口到出口,似乎穿越远古,穿越未来。宇宙走过了138.2亿年,而我们赖以生存的地球,诞生于46亿年前,恐龙时代和人类文明只不过是一小段而已,中华文明更不过上下五千年,人的寿命,以现在乐观看,只是百年,弹指一挥间。
历史的沉淀,才让一段文明影响深远。悠悠百年,真正付出的人,名垂千古。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
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