1月2日,我们这里下了一场罕见的大雪。
前几天,天气暖和得很,仿佛有一种春意绵绵的味儿。可是昨天上午,天气突变,气沮骤降,天空灰象蒙、阴沉沉的。夜晚,风渐渐地小了,接着就下起了鹅毛似的大雪。
“瑞雪兆丰年”,人们高兴地聚在一起,议论着这场雪。
为了能及早领略到壮观的雪景,第二天,天刚亮,我就翻身下了床。衣服还没有穿好,我就怀着急切的心情打开房门,嗬,好一个粉妆玉砌的世界!空中是漫天飞舞的雪花,地上像铺了一张柔软的白地毯,一幢幢房屋像一个个巨大的冰箱。天地一色,苍苍茫茫。近处,一棵棵树的枝条上都挑上了一串雪花,真是“忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开”啊。
我被这银装素裹的录色陶醉了,此时此刻,寒冷仿佛飞到了九霄云外。我怀着惊喜而迫切的心情,在筱满白雪的大地上踏下了第一个深深的脚印。地上的雪是那么松软,那么纯洁!
我伫立在浩瀚的雪海中,羽绒般的雪花,沾到了我的衣服、脸颊和眉毛上。冬雪像一位神奇的化妆师,一会儿功夫,便将我化装成了一个步履踌姗的“白雪公主”。我情不自禁地伸出双手去拥抱这美丽的雪花。啊,雪花!你像天使的翅膀一样洁白,像婴儿的心灵一样纯净。你铺天盖地而来,无私地搜盖着万物。你悄无声息地孕育着绿色的春天!你纯净,你无私,你厌恶一切肮脏。纯净、洁白的雪花啊,我衷心赞美你!
大雪下了整整一天一夜。雪后初晴,阳光普照。我站在窗前,放眼远望,树木的枝干上像开满了一朵朵的雪白的梨花,四季常青的松柏,也满身簇拥着松蓬蓬的雪团。好一个银色的世界啊!
我不禁默默地沉思,做人不也应该这样吗?像雪一样纯净,如雪一样洁白。
一场突如其来的“非典”疫情,给人类发出了一个警告!人类应当怎样生活?怎样保护生态环境?怎样维护生活环境?如何规范自己的行为?人们渴望着得到改善。所幸,在我们上海这座国际化大都市里,已经将环境保护意识放在了城市发展的首位,大手笔的城市绿地正迅速装扮我们的家园。
在徐家汇的商业中心,有一座既宽阔又美丽的街心花园。她西起天平路,东至宛平路,北邻衡山路,南接肇家浜路。占地面积达几平方公里,她就像城市的肺叶,给人们带来新鲜氧气。从远处看去,她就像是一座茂密的森林,郁郁葱葱。
当你走进这座花园,无不被这美丽的景色所感染,无不为这巧夺天工的布局而惊讶。你看,一座天桥贯穿整个花园,桥的一边是一条蜿蜒、清澈的小河,河边是亭台楼阁,河上有精致的小桥,真是小桥,流水,人家,幸福的人们在“天堂”。桥的另一边则是由树木、花草组成的陆地景区,与河边的景色有着鲜明的对比,却又天衣无缝地融合在一起。
如果你有时间,就在公园细细品味吧。你听,美妙动人的背景音乐伴随在你的耳旁,无任你走到花园的哪个角落,都可以听到;你听那“哗哗哗……”的是瀑布声,犹如竖琴拌着天使的歌声;你再听,在人们的话语中可以听到鸟儿在歌唱。你看,学生们正在河塘举行航模比赛,引得河中的红鲤鱼一个劲地跳出水面;你看那一大群人把亭子挤得满满的,正在观赏老爷爷的书法;你再看,那爷孙俩正在为一盘棋的输赢争得脸红脖子粗的。
当你想离开花园时,请别忘了,到天桥上去站一站,那会是另一种享受,徐家汇花园的景色尽收眼底,一览无遗,你再向远处看看,高楼林立,会把你一下子从鸟语花香的情景中,拉倒浓厚的现代化商业气息中来,但那时,你已充满了精神活力。请记住吧:“徐家汇花园”
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的,他们合着的《关联性:交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面,其影响力已超出了语用学领域,延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解,要正确的理解自然语言,就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联,然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效,其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此,关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
春天的馈赠“春天在哪儿里,春天在哪儿里。春天在那小朋友的眼睛里。”转眼间,又是春光明媚的季节。春天的脚步悄悄地来到我们身边。不知不觉,我已经沐浴在春风里。可春天到底送什么礼物给我们呢使我的好奇心再次走进春的世界。春天是绿色的,我要看到绿色的礼物——看,小草在泥土中经过多次痛苦的挣扎,破土而出,迎接第一天的阳光雨露,呼吸第一口新鲜空气,它微笑着,在微风中尽情地摇摆。树苗也在头上点缀了一颗颗翠绿的宝石,变得容光焕发。
哦,春天的礼物是“鲜”的,一切绿色的植物都活了起来,好像这是专门为大地妈妈送的,春天知道冬日寒气的大地妈妈很寂寞,特地给大地妈妈穿上一件绿色的毛衣,大地妈妈乐的前仰后合。春天是生机的,我要听到春天生机的气息——听,春天漫步。踩在她松软的泥土上,才知道生命的温床可以如此地平实。只要季节的老人飘然而至,所有沉睡的种子,都可以在这里孕育,并赋予生命一种变换的姿态。微微的春风吹化了冰冻的小河,水中的鱼儿开心地游玩,鸭子在水中尽情地一边玩一边叫,好像在说:“春江和暖,鸭之先。”青青的小虾在河水中欢快地追逐着做游戏。这些礼物好像是春天送给森林的,因为它想让森林的生机充满奥秘,充满欢声笑语。春天是滋润的,我要找到滋润的世界——找,春天在这儿。在前面不远处,倾洒着蒙蒙细雨,一滴雨点滋润着干旱的土地,更滋润着我们的心窝。春天又在某一个角落,把温暖的风挥动着,让风飘飘悠悠的手舞足蹈。那不就是春风春雨两姐妹吗没想到春天把春风春雨送给了大自然,春天的号召力可真大啊!春天的礼物可真多,只要你留心身边的一点一滴,你会发现它们惟妙惟肖、神秘而美丽,带会带给你十足的震撼与惊叹,它们浑身都散发着一种高贵的气质,令人赏心悦目。我们也想给春天增添一些礼物,和同学们手拉着手一边做着游戏一边唱着歌:“春天在哪儿呀,春天在哪儿里,春天在小朋友的眼睛里。”好好珍惜春天,珍惜春天的馈赠,珍惜春的时光。
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
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