今天是“五一”国际劳动节,我做了些什么呢?
起床快9点钟了,白花花的阳光刺得我睁不开眼。在路边吃了早餐后,我们全家先去外公家,想和外公一起去镇海郑氏十七房参观。汽车到了邱隘,我亲见了可怕的一幕。只见路上车如长龙,当然不是“游”龙而是“卧”龙,前不见首,一分钟后已是后不见尾了。很多车主从车上下来,悠闲地抽着烟,他们心里定然在想:反正一时半会动不了,心急又有何用?还是抽支烟看“美景”吧!但我可着急着呢!警察大概是今天最忙的人,扯着嗓子,挥着双手,但显然作用不大。这一段平时只需3分钟的车程,我们竟然耗了1个多小时,呜呼!
“五一”节,我感受了交通的极度拥堵。
中午在外婆家吃过饭后,熬到将近下午一点,才见车龙动得快了起来,于是上路。还算顺利,大约40分钟后到了景点郑氏十七房。停车处已停满了车,排队处人很多,有镇海户籍的人可免费参观,队伍自然更长一些。在十七房内,一边是锣声震天,鼓炮齐鸣,表演非常热闹;另一边是人声喧哗,游客多得像蚂蚁。有些人好像是被长期的工作闷坏了,狂吃狂喝狂玩。爸妈怕我走失,不时地呼唤着我的名字。不文明的现象随处可见,如乱扔果皮纸屑,随地吐痰等。
“五一”节,我感觉变成了疯狂的游玩节。
我理想中的“五一”节,应该是快乐而又有序,热闹而又文明,但我今天的.感觉可不是这样。
“降低死亡率”和“提高生存率”之间完全可以画等号,但政府官员绞尽脑汁,一门心思扑在“降低死亡率”上,却不知换个方向也是阳光大道。这让我想起了数学课上学习排列组合时用到的一种十分简易的方法:正难则反。很多问题正向推理复杂繁琐,而反过来思考却会让你发现解决问题的新大陆。
我们中的绝大部分不是天才,囿于固化的思维模式,只知道按着套路埋头往前冲,不撞南墙绝不醒悟。就某些方面而言,这种执着坚韧的精神的确值得称赞,但如果调转方向便能挖掘到问题的关键所在,又何必自讨苦吃,浪费时间呢?
逆向思维不是咬咬牙跺跺脚就有的,还要依靠对事物的敏感度,善于观察,勤于发现。
某牙膏刚一上市时的销量总也提不上去,公司为此消耗了大量的财力物力仍不见起色。在一天的会议中,职员们想到的方案无非就是扩大营销,更换宣传方式。老板频频摇头,否定了一个又一个想法。这是有一个年轻人递给老板一张纸条:如果你能给我一百万,我就告诉你一劳永逸的办法。老板犹豫了一下,还是决定听听他的建议。这个年轻人的想法很简单:把每支牙膏的口径扩大一毫米。老板当即拍板,年轻人拿着他的一百万喜滋滋的走了。
对于牙膏的销量问题,很多人只是在外围打转,正向上想提高牙膏的宣传力度,而这个年轻人却逆着众人思绪的洪流,发现了问题的本质,原来只要简单的一毫米就可以了。用一毫米换一百万,我们能看到的不仅仅是这个年轻人的`幸运,还有他过人的勇气和聪明的头脑以及对事物的感知能力,这些都是保证你的想法能站稳脚跟的基石。
“正难则反”需要我们拿出勇气打破常规的思维模式,需要我们不断用经验武装自己的头脑,需要我们坚定自己或许可笑的想法,需要我们在任何情况下都有冷静处理问题的能力。“正难则反”就是我们人生的推拉门,一推一拉皆是智慧。如果用尽全力也推不开阻碍你前进的大门,试着轻轻一拉吧,拉开一方崭新的天地,拉开一阙浩渺的江湖,拉开人生的新篇章,拉开你还未曾过期的信念与梦想。这是一劳永逸的捷径,更是人生在世的学问。
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为,语言交际是一个认知过程,交际双方之所以能够配合默契,是因为有一个最佳的认知模式,即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定:语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标,人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息,以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向,但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联,即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果,并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设,所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境,交际中的语境不是固定不变的,而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示,即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图;推理,即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中,听话人的推理是理解话语的核心,而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联,关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果,有了语境效果,就能正确理解话语,使交际获得成功。
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
竹笋,是我们生活中常见的,不少人都喜欢吃它。可是你们知道竹笋是怎么来的吗?你们肯定说:“菜市场不就有卖的吗”?别急,你们讲得都不对,五一国际劳动节,爸妈带我上山去“打”竹笋。
早上起床后,我一幅懒洋洋的模样,怎么也打不起精神来。爸爸看到后,建议我们全家到屋后的山上去“打”竹笋。我平时最爱吃竹笋了,听到这话,别提多高兴了,立刻打起了精神
我们全副武装后,就上山了。我们在树枝和荆棘丛中穿梭,钻来钻去,寻找有竹林的地方。这是,“快、快过来!”一个声音吓了我一大跳。仔细一听,噢!原来是妈妈。“怎么了”我和爸爸边问边跑了过去。一看哇!好多竹笋!竹笋穿着毛绒绒的绿衣裳,顶上长着两片嫩绿的叶子,像扎了两个小辫子。鲜嫩的竹笋成群地从地下探出头来,像淘气的小娃娃。我马上就动手拔了起来,爸爸急忙问我:“你知道怎么拔吗?”“这还不简单!”我了边说,一边拔了起来,结果竹笋没拔出来,反而自己还一屁股坐在地上。爸爸眉头一皱,“你呀,总是自以为是。”“那该怎么拔呢?”我不解地问。“哪能你这样,必须把竹笋慢慢往下压,再一拔,知道了吗?”“知道了!”在爸爸的引导下,我们很快就拔了一小筐。。
回到家里,我的手已经被山上的荆棘给划了好几道痕。吃着香喷喷的竹笋,我觉得比以前好吃多了,因为这是我自己劳动所得来的
当你走进学校,你可看见知识的闪光,你可听到书与人的交流,你可闻到老师的汗水,知识变的劳动更加的伟大无比。
当你一切容入了社会,周围的一切都是平凡的劳动所给予
生活是如此的美好,人类是如此的进步,一切的一切无不来自于我们的艰苦劳动、平凡的劳动,劳动是那样的默默无语。
劳动创造了历史,劳动创造了未来。在新的五一国际劳动节到来之际,让我们赞美劳动最美丽。
春风春雨把原野拂过,惊起一层漫漫绿色。
五月,在这春天的季节,是一场雷鸣后大雨来临,南飞的大雁跋山涉水归家的日子;是杏花开遍山野她在丛中笑的烂漫季节;是冬麦扬穗农民挥汗荷锄,辛勤耕耘的好光景。
蛙鸣虫叫,鱼跃雀散,初春的旷野已是喧声鼎沸了。扶摇而上的风筝拥入碧空的怀抱,地上的人们舒展着筋骨攒足了劲。不知不觉中,春天正迈着轻盈的脚步,悄悄的向我们走来在春意盎然的五月。五月是孩子们的天堂,抛掉厚重的棉衣棉帽,跑到田野里尽情的撒欢儿,用柳笛唱一支春天的歌;五月是青年人的日子,春潮涌动的时节,执子之手,与子同行,撷下春天里的玫瑰点缀爱的天空;五月是老年人的节日,踏着一路路春光,和着一串串鸟鸣,到刚刚解冻的湖面垂钓人生五月,全体人民的日子全世界劳动人民的节日。[-找文章,到]水一样流走的是日子,记忆被时间流逝得日益斑驳,人们却没有遗忘这一幕,五一国际劳动节成为他们英勇壮举的特别纪念。劳动人民是世界上最伟大的人民,他们用劳动创造了世界,创造了人类,创造了我们今天的幸福生活。是劳动,建成了今天的万丈高楼;是劳动,筑就了现代化的信息高速公路;是劳动,让偌大的地球变成了一个小小的村落;是劳动,使浩翰的荒原变成了亩亩良田。
劳动是神奇的,劳动是伟大的。劳动者用勤劳的双手和智慧,编织了这个五彩班斓的世界,创造了人类的文明。让我们在这个特别的日子里,向全世界的劳动者致敬!在充满真情的五月,紧握你因劳动而开满茧花的手,送上我最真心的祝福,聆听你劳动的赞歌。长亭外,古道边,芳草碧连天是一种人生;凭栏处,潇潇雨歇是一种人生;到中流击水,浪遏飞舟是一种人生;默默无闻,无私奉献也是一种人生。种种人生,劳动如咖啡里的方糖,把我们的人生调得有滋有味;劳动如路旁的一帧风景,把我们的人生装扮得亮丽多彩。五月,真情五月。在楼外高楼,在亭外长亭,让我们手挽手,肩并肩,豪情万丈,血气方刚的唱一首大江东去,把全世界劳动者的心愿送给远方,送给明天。让我们为明天喝彩,为五月高歌,为劳动者击掌!
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