Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
我先倒了些面粉到盘子里,在面粉中间挖了个小洞,往里面倒了些水,就开始揉面粉。刚一开始揉我两只手上便沾满了面粉,害我不得不想着把手上的面粉掰下来,老妈在一旁说别忙着弄手,到时候你面团做好之后会把它们粘下来的'。我听了,只好用手捏着还像一块抹布似的面团,可手上的面粉越粘越多,害得我总是不由自主地想把手上的面粉抠掉,烦死了。不过手里还在不停地继续着。
好不容易把面和好了,接下来要让它好好地睡上一觉了,我把它放在木墩上,过了十分钟后,我再把它拿出来,在木墩上均匀地撒了把面粉,再把面团放上去,揉了几下之后,用一个瓶子把它压成饼状(没擀面杖拿瓶子代替),把它变成了一个长长的大饼。过了一会儿,等我把面团弄大之后,有折成三等份,弄成了一个长方形,再用刀切成一小条一小条,之后,我和妈妈把切好的面条拉开放到一边,可面条越堆越多,都粘在一块儿了,我和妈妈又接着在面条上撒上些面粉,终于把面条分开来了。做出来的面条奇形怪状,长短不一,不过我心里还是特别得开心。
中午,我吃了自己做的面条,吃了一大碗呢!
1、摘录式读书笔记
摘录式读书笔记,即将书中或文章中一些重要观点、精彩精辟语句,有用数据和材料摘抄下来,目的是积累各种资料。可按原书或原文系统摘录;也可摘录重要论点和段落;还可摘录重要数字。
摘录式读书笔记,是在读书时把与自己学习、工作、研究的问题有关的语句、段落等按原文准确无误地抄录下来。摘录要有选择,以是否有用作为摘录的标准。比如你自修文科,便可摘录有关的学习资料、重要文章、警句格言、词语典故等。如果学理工科,就得摘录有关文献、重要的结论与证明、独特的技巧,等等。这样便可备你不时之需。
摘录式笔记可分为:
(1)索引读书笔记
在读书学习中可能经常会碰到这种情况:看到某些东西感到十分有用,但内容却太多,其它读书笔记法又都不易采用.自学成名的史学家陈垣曾说:“教学和研究要从目录学入手”,“目录学就好象一个账本,打开账本,前人留给我们的历史著作概况,可以了然”。所以,平时应把所有的资料,按照内容本身的性质搞出一个索引来,以备查用之便。因此,做索引读书笔记就非常必要。索引读书笔记是记录文章的题目、出处的笔记。如书刊篇目名、编著者、出版年月日、藏书处。如果是书,要记册、章、节,如果是期刊,要记期号,报纸要记年月日和版面,以备日后查找方便。例如:庄照:《也谈为谁立传》,《光明日报·〈史学〉》
(2)摘录原文读书笔记
抄录原文读书笔记就是照抄书刊文献中与自己学习、研究有关的精彩语句、段落等作为日后应用的原始材料。摘抄原文要写上分类题目,在引文后面注明出处。列宁的哲学笔记,有很多就是采用的这种形式。如《黑格尔(逻辑学)一书摘要》,《亚里士多德<形而上学>一书摘要》等著作,《如何做读书笔记及其形式》。而且他对摘录内容,还往往写出自己的意见、批评或注释,以及自己独创的符号和评注。比如“注意”“说得对”“辩证的精华”等提示性简明字样。明确地表明了列宁对某段论述的意见或批评。
2、评注式读书笔记
评注式读书笔记不单是摘录,而且要把自己对读物内容的主要观点、材料的看法写出来,其中自然也包括表达出笔记作者的.感情。评注式笔记有时对摘录的要点做概括的说明。
评注式读书笔记常用方法有书头批注。即在书中重要地方用笔打上符号或在空白处加批注、折页作记号;也可用提纲方法把书和文章论点或主要论据扼要记叙下来;还可用摘要式综合全文要点、记下主要内容;读完全书或全文对得失加以评论也是一种方法。
评注式笔记有下列几种:
(1)书头批注
书头批注,是一种最简易的读书笔记作法。就是在读书的时候,把书中重要的地方和自己最深的地方,用笔在字句旁边的空白处打上个符号,或者在空白处加批注,或者是折页、夹纸条作记号等等。这种笔记方法不但对书中的内容可以加深理解,也为日后查找提供了方便。
(2)提纲
提纲是用纲要的形式把一本书或一篇文章的论点、论据提纲挚领地叙述出来,提纲可按原文的章节、段落层次,把主要的内容扼要地写出来。提纲读书笔记可以采用原文的语句和自己的语言相结合的方式来写。
(3)提要
提要和提纲不同。提纲是逐段写出来的要点,提要是综合全文写出要点。提要可以完全用自己的语言扼要地写出读物的内容。提要除客观叙述读物内容外,带有一些评述的性质。
另一种提要,是对一篇文章或一本书的内容梗概作简要的说明。
(4)评注读书笔记
评注读书笔记,是读完读物后对它的得失加以评论,或对疑难之点加以注释,这样的读书笔记叫作评注笔记。其中有种质疑式笔记,即阅读中的重点准点,自己不能解决或理解不深、模棱两可时,把这出一问题先记录下来,暂时搁置起来。随着知识的丰富、思维能力的提高,再回过头来学习,或是请教他人加以解答。例如鲁迅读《蕙櫋杂志》中的一段:清严无照《蕙櫋杂志》:西湖有严嵩和鄂王《满江红》词石刻,甚宏壮。词即慷慨,书亦瘦劲可观,末题华盖大学士。后人磨去姓名,改题夏言。虽属可笔,然亦足以惩奸矣。
(5)补充原文读书笔记
补充原文的读书笔记,是在读完原书或文章之后,感到有不满足的地方进行补充。需要注意的是补充原文不是随意地加以补充,而是要围绕中心思想加以引申或发挥。
3、心得式读书笔记
心得式读书笔记也叫读后感,即记下对某一问题思考的心得,即看完一本书或一篇文章,对文中的某一观点、事件、情节或某一章节、定理等,进行分析、归纳,用自己的话把其内容、要点写出来,并加以评述。如李贺的《史纲评要》,脂砚斋的《重评石头记》,皆是这样的著作。心得也可以是礼记、体会。札记多为旁征博引,辩证考订;体会多为引申阐发、借题发挥。沈括的《梦溪笔谈》,茅盾的《读书札记》,马克思的《数学手稿》,就是用的这种方式。
其形式有如下几种:
(1)札记
札记,是读书时把摘记的要点和心得结合起来写成的。这种札记的形式是灵活多样的。可长可短。
(2)心得
心得笔记也叫读后感。读书后把自己的体会、感想、收获写出来。这些读书笔记,可以写读书时的,也可以写对原文的某些论点的发挥或提出批评、商榷的意见。写这种笔记,一般是以自己的语言为主,也可适当地引用原文。
(3)综合读书笔记
综合读书笔记是读了几本或几篇论述同一问题的书文后,抓住中心评论它们的观点、见解,提出自己看法的笔记。
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