1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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你们好!
宁静的晴空在瞬间留下一道残阳般鲜红的血丝,那撕心裂肺腑的呼喊划破了四川人民心中的每一个憧憬之梦,就这样,一盏盏生命的灯火在废墟下永久熄灭
5月12日2点28分,我们正在欢声笑语中嬉戏,我们正在课堂里沐浴于书海,愉悦地捧起太阳的光泽而这时,脚下大地的震怒却毁灭了一切,不带走一丝回忆,不带走一滴憧憬,不带走一米灿烂消逝,沉沦,熄灭。
当执子之手,与子偕老的承诺化为乌有,当谁言寸草心,报得三春晖的立志成为泡影,当但愿人长久,千里共婵娟的祈祷成为余音,当牵手后必然是永久的别离时,花落了,叶残了,灯灭了
我没有看到他们对世界不公而产生的愤懑之情,我没有听到他们可怜巴巴的乞求声,我没有!他们依旧是光采的化身,他们依旧是执着的尊严,他们依旧是富裕安乐的四川!在这时,我想尽一份我的力量
爸、妈,我明白家里的状况,我明白门前的墙瓦该修一修,我明白母亲你省吃俭用为了支撑起这个贫困的屋脊。但是现在,有多少人住在没有屋檐的角落里,有多少人捂着残缺的.双腿说不疼,有多少人望着天空,裸露着自己冰凉的背脊,爸、妈,有人比我们现在更加需要帮助,请伸出我们的援手,送去一份温暖的慰问。
妈,还记得我那只大白猪罐吗?那里面是我从小到大你们为我攒下来的压岁钱,那是你们的血,那是你们的汗,但我请求你们,借借我,借借四川,借借那些孤苦伶仃的人们!我向你们承诺:我一定会好好学习,将自己的成果奉献给你们,回报给你们!也请你们相信,四川会好起来,四川会旺起来,四川人民不会忘记我们的爱!
爸,你不是喜欢大熊猫吗?可是它们生活在的四川——那个美丽清秀的熊猫故乡正等待我们的救援。爸,相信我,支持我,请为我而骄傲!
爸、妈,帮帮他们,帮帮四川,帮帮中国!那些天堂里灿烂的微笑会更加恬静安详,那些角落里的孩子们会更加憧憬,更加祈祷明天,祈祷美丽。
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