议论文的基本结构是:引论----本论----结论。
“引论”又叫“绪论”,是提出问题的部分。好的引论应当简明新颖。
“本论”又称“正论” ,是分析问题,用论据来证明论点的部分,是文章的主体。好的本论应做到紧承引论,纵横展开,有理有据,严密紧凑。就本论部分的论证结构,主要有以下几种形式:
①并列式:展开的各层次关系是平等的,没有主次、没有强弱,或是分论点之间的关系并列表述,或是围绕一个论据,从不同角度、层次论证同一观点。
②对照式:把两种观点加以对比,通过二者对比,突出论证其中一方面的正确性,往往一方面用墨较多,作为论证重点,而另一方面用墨较少,只作陪衬。
③层进式:文章各层次之间层层深入,步步深入。可以是由表及里,从现象入手,分析原因,找出症结,指明性质,提出解决问题的方法。
④总分式:文章各层次之间有总说和分说的关系,论点在各层次之间的分论点中体现,而各层次的分论点由总论统领,可以先总后分,也可以先分后总。
“结论”是解决问题的部分,通常被放在文章的最后,与引论相呼应。好的“引论”能深化论点,照应开头。
指论点、论据和论证三要素。
1、论点:是作者对所论述问题的见解和主张,是议论文的灵魂。只有准确地把握文章的论点,才能了解文章中提出的见解和所要解决的问题。
议论文一般只有一个中心论点,有的议论文还围绕中心论点提出几个分论点。区别中心论点和分论点并不难。分论点是用来补充或证明中心论点的,只要研究这些论点的关系,就能看出哪是主哪是从,哪是纲哪是目。
2、论据:是证明论点的材料。它是被论点统率.为论点服务的。常用的论据有两种类型--事实论据和道理论据。事实论据:包括具有代表性的确凿的事例或史实。道理论据:指经过人们的实践检验的、为社会所公认的正确理论,包括社会科学理论,如哲学理论;也包括自然科学的原理、定律、公式及广为流传的谚语、、警句等。
3、论证:指运用论据证明论点的过程和方法,是论点与论据之间逻辑联系的纽带。论点解决“需要证明什么”的问题,论据解决“用什么来证明”的问题,论证解决“怎样证明”的问题。
论证方法多种多样,常见的有以下四种:①举例论证:列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点;②道理论证:用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解、古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的'定理公式等来证明论点;③对比论证:拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比,在对比中证明论点;④比喻论证:用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。
议论文的论证方式有以下两种:
①立论:直接提出并阐明论点的论证方式叫立论。用这种方式写作的议论文被称为“立论文。” 《继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风》就是一篇立论文。
②驳论:通过反驳对立的论点来阐明自己的论点的议论方式叫驳论。这类议论文常称为“驳论文” 。
单一用例是指用一则事例来论说论点,不过请注意单一用例不是说整篇文章只用一个事例来论证,而是在论说分论点的时候单一用例,单一用例切忌以叙代议,否则就喧宾夺主了。单一用例,可以进行情感的渲染,背景的烘托,诗意的营造,这样用例,文章就不会流于枯燥无味、空洞说教。不过核心重点还是要论说,要处理好记叙、描写、抒情、议论的关系,切不可主次不分。先来看09年高考优秀作文《熟悉》中一段单一用例:
又如美国现任总统奥巴马,在他之前,美国总统一向都是白色人种的领地,黑人总统别说没有,就是想也不敢想。这对于世人也许是再熟悉不过的事情了吧。可是,这位年轻的黑人小伙子偏偏不会就此罢休。凭借自己的努力,终于从著名大学——哥伦比亚大学获得学位,为将来竞选总统做了准备。生活总是爱喜欢挑战的人,他终于如愿,成为美国历史上目前唯一的一位黑人总统,为了打破这“熟悉”的社会现状,他终于成功了。
本段用例,列举美国现任总统奥巴马的事例,重点叙述了他当选总统的经历,显得有波澜但不拖沓。
接下来请看高考满分作文《缤纷成就和谐》的一段单一用例:
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ……
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……
6) Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.
7) Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……
8) According to a recent survey, ……
9) With the rapid development of ……,
10 When it comes to…, (当说到…
二、列举观点
I.Some people think/believe that…,
Other argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true
1.Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.
2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.
3.Compared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages. ,
4.Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages.
5....has many advantages.For example,…
6. However,just as every coin has two sides,…has it’s disadvantages.
II…play(san important role/part in……
1.Computers play an important role in science and technology.
2.Computers play a more and more important role in our life.
3.Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies.
4.Education plays an important part in developing our mind.
5.Addiction to alcohol and drugs plays a role in homelessness.
6.Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
7.In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication.But now,telephone,email,and fax have taken their place.
III.With the development of…
1.With the development of our economy,many Chinese families can afford a car.
2.With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious.
3.With the rapid development of Science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home.
4.With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed.
5.With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious.
6.With more and more women entering the society,people's attitude towards women is changing.
7.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up, an increasing number of (a growing number of,a significant number of
families can afford a car.
三、陈述自己观点
There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but…
四、批驳
1)It is true that ……, but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3) Some people say ……, but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that……
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ……
7) Too much stress placed on …… may lead to ……
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ……
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ……
10) No one can deny the fact that ……
11) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
12) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ……
13) Recent studies indicate that ……
14) There is sufficient evidence to show that ……
15) According to statistics proved by ……, it can be seen that ……
五、结尾句型 :
英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨沦的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one/a word,generally speaking,to conclude等外,没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型:
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ……
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ……
3). We should take measures to control the rapidly increasing world population.
4). We’d better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.
5). The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse.
6). Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.
7) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ……
8) In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9) There is no easy method, but ……might be of some help.
10) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ……
11) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
12) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
13) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ……
14) Taking all these into account, we ……
15) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear……
六、其他句型
I、There be结构
There+be+主语+(修饰成分,表示客观存在的'人或事物。 There must be a lot of fuel in the tank.
There remains nothing more to be done.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is something you don't know.
There is not enough time to do the work. .
II、名词化结构
名词化结构用以表明抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化,从而使语体更加正式、更加具有书面语风格。
1.由of连接主谓关系
That the earth revolves around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
名词化:The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
2.由0f连接动宾关系
One of the most important natural phenomena is that energy is transmitted from one point to another in waves.
名词化:One of the most important natural phenomena is the transmission of energy from one point to another in waves.
3.用of连接含有by的短语,把简单句转换成名词短语
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式,通过摆事实、讲道理,直接表达自己的观点和主张的常用文体。
议论文是以理服人。
一、论证方法
1举例论证:具体有力
2.道理论证:具有权威性
3.比喻论证:生动形象
4.对比论证:全面深刻
5.引用论证:引经据典地分析问题、说明道理
二、句子作用
1.总领全文
2.承上启下
3.引出下文
4.提纲挈领
三、开头作用
1、引出论点/论题
2、吸引读者、造成悬念
四、论证思路
通过引用(举例……引出论题(方向→ 摆出事实,列举例子加以论证论点 → 强化中心论点
●类型1、文段作用: 承上启下;照应;强化论点
●类型2、顺序能否调换 :(判断 照应开头;时间顺序;逻辑顺序 等
●类型3、例子特点 : 权威性;代表性;典型性;全面性 有说服力
●类型4、文段论证优点 : 证明了此段分论点
●类型5、本文中心论点 : 开头;标题
五、论点的提出
分析论点是怎样提出的
①摆事实讲道理后归结论点;
②开门见山,提出中心论点;
③针对生活中存在的现象,提出论题,通过分析论述,归结出中心论点;
④叙述作者的一段经历湖,归结出中心论点;
⑤作者从故事中提出问题,然后一步步分析推论,最后得出结论,提出中心论点。
温馨提示:针对生活中存在的现象,提出论题,通过分析论述,归结出中心论点;
初中语文阅读理因果式组合段落
下面是对语文阅读理解题目因果式答题的学习,希望给同学们的学习很好的帮助哦。
①论证方式与论证方法的区别:论证方式是就议论文总体而言,即一篇议论文就一定的事件或问题,要阐明自己的见解和方法,是以正面论述为主,还是以批驳片面的、错误的甚至反动的言行为主,也就是说,议论方式可以分为两大类:立论和驳论。
论证方法是指运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据间的逻辑纽带。它和论证方式的基本区别在于:论证方式是指一篇议论文所采用的论证的基本形式,论证方法是指在论证过程中所采用的各种方法。
②常见的论证方法有以下几种:
A.例证法:是用令人信服的典型事例来证明论点正确的方法,它在议论文中运用最广,用真实、典型的事实去证明论点的正确,这种方法起到摆事实、讲道理、以理服人的作用。这种方法的要领是:先提出论点然后逐一加以事实论证。
B.道理论证:所运用的道理必须是经过实践检验,其正确性已为人们所公认的。它包括名人、古诗文名句,反映科学规律的俗话、谚语、警句等。由于引用的这些论据是世人公认的思维成果,能够深刻地反映事物的本质,已为无数事实所证明,所以具有巨大的说服力。
C.比喻论证:在议论文中,比喻可以使论点讲得更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。
D.对比论证:把正反两方面的论点或论据加以对比,达到否定错误论点、树立正确论点的目的。运用对比,可以使正与误、是与非、新与旧区别得非常明显。
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