1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
从我很小的时候,我就很喜欢养小动物、观察各种奇花异草,除了补充对生物们的知识见解外,我对他们还有一种特别的感情,我将他们视作朋友,陪他们说话、替他们布置新家,甚至看到有人刻意作出伤害他们的举动,我也会气愤的出手制止。
随着时间流逝,我也长大了,但对于护生的想法,不但没有减少,反而递增了许多。我认为,每种生物,包括动、植物以及昆虫,他们都是有生命的,为什么他们和我们人类的待遇相差这么远呢?昆虫及植物的食物链是一定要要进行的,但为何连动物也无法逃离人类的魔掌呢?人们因为太爱食肉,已导致保护类动物愈来愈多,不断的***生,只为了满足自己一时的口腹之欲,这种行为适当吗?我认为,现在的地球暖化现象日趋严重,若能减少二氧化碳排放量,也就是少吃肉多吃蔬果,不但对人们身体健康有极大的帮助,也可让我们的地球永续发展下去。
现在的我们,太依赖肉制品,若想达到护生且身体健康,我们应该多吃素,保护生态不仅仅是一种殷切的`盼望,它应该是一种人们以行动去实际达成目的的观念。吃素会使我们身心舒畅,获得疾病的机率也会较低,因此面对世界上种种问题,我认为护生是人民应拥有的正确观念,而我也觉得“吃素”是最适合用来效法它的行动。
为了尊重生命、爱护生命及资源,我们更应该让吃素这个作法流传全世界,当人们真正了解保护生态的真缔,这个世界也会因为人们的心而变得更美了。
自然环境的关系很密切,但目前的趋势却是大自然在一天天的恶化。《管子权修》中云“一年之计,莫如树谷;十年之计,莫如树木;终身之计,莫如树人。”“树”这不只是教科书上冷冰冰的一个名词。真正的树,在山上,在河边,在心里。树是一种植物,更是一种精神,一种挥之不去的情结……
人类对树的感情,早在很多年前已经有了,古猿生活在森林中,与树朝夕相处,不断演化升华;陶渊名在五柳间著文章;王维在辋川间写着如画的诗。树,给了人思想,给了人快乐,给了人灵感。没有树,就没有是我们梦想中的桃花源,没有的了“竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟”的恬美。人们爱树,也赋予了树不同的品行,高洁的松,朴实的槐,潇洒的柳,高贵的梅……无一不打上性格的烙印,人和树仿佛融为了一体。
历史的车轮滚过,一切仿佛发生了变化:
树在不断减少,那“树林阴翳,鸣声上下”的美景,不知何时已变得那么遥远;郁郁葱葱已成了模糊的记忆。稍微觉醒的人们仍掉手中的斧头,植下了新苗。但,新的小树还未成长起来,更多的大树又纷纷倒下了。砍伐、火灾、虫害吞噬着树木的肌体。多灾多难的树,又回到了急剧减少的噩梦中。大家可以设想一下,假如绿色消失,人口将会锐减,交通秩序会大乱,假如绿色消失地球和宇宙将会发生毁灭性的打击,假如绿色消失那么红色的生命也将不复存在,取而代之的将是无尽的黑暗……
四川的.汶川地震带给我们太多的悲切,太多的感动,太多的震颤,心痛的同时让我们看到人性的光辉在灾难面前回归本真。了不起的中国人民,伟大的中华民族,在灾难面前没有抱怨与退缩,没有屈服与荒乱,抗震救灾的日日夜夜里时时处处彰显出中国人的坚强不息,百折不挠,不离不弃,我为自己是一个中华子孙而骄傲自豪。
痛定思痛,让我的内心发出深深地呐喊:我们应该懂得珍惜真情,真爱生命,我们应该敬畏大自然,敬重大自然、顺应大自然、爱护大自然。
现在汽车成倍增加,交通日益拥堵,听老师上课讲汽车所用的汽油都是从都是从地球内部开采出来的石油炼制出来的,人类超常的开化让地球不堪重负,无止境的求索让大自然与人类失去了和谐与平衡。其实,人类在大自然面前是那么的弱小与脆弱,地震,只不过是地球感到不舒服时轻轻地打个哈欠、伸个懒腰,却把看似无所不能的人类折腾得体无完肤。地震,是地球为我们人类敲响的一次小小的警钟,它是在告诫我们要敬畏生命,敬畏自然,珍爱生命,珍爱自然。灾难,给予我们的不应该仅仅是苦痛,更多的是让我们懂得善待生命,善待自然。
让我们人类从此相亲相爱,圆融相处,简单生活,敬畏自然,热爱生命。
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