《名人传》由法国著名作家罗曼·罗兰的《贝多芬传》、《米开朗琪罗传》和《托尔斯泰传》组成,它们均创作于二十世纪初期,无论在当时是在后世都产生了广泛的影响。在这三部传记中,罗曼·罗兰是紧紧把握住这三位拥有各自领域的艺术家的共同之处,着力刻画了他们为追求真善美而长期忍受苦难的心路历程。
书中写了三个世界上赫赫有名的人物。第一个是德国作曲家:贝多芬;另一个是意大利的天才雕刻家:米开朗基罗;最后一个是俄罗斯名作家:托尔斯泰。
在这本《名人传》中最令我感动的就是贝多芬的故事。贝多芬是个音乐天才,他的天分很早就被他的父亲发现了,不幸的是,贝多芬的父亲并不是一个称职的好父亲,他天天让贝多芬练琴,不顾及他的心情,贝多芬的童年是十分悲惨的,他的母亲在他十六岁时就去世了,他的父亲变成了挥霍的酒鬼。
但是贝多芬没有因此而沉沦,他把自己的全部精力,都投入到了自己所热爱的音乐事业中去了。当他沉醉在音乐给他带来的幸福当中时,不幸的事情又发生了:他的耳朵聋了。对于一个音乐家而言,最重要的莫过于耳朵,而像贝多芬这样以音乐为生的大音乐家,却聋了耳朵,这个打击是常人所接受不了的。
贝多芬的一生是悲惨的,也是多灾多难的,但他为什么还能成功呢?为什么正常人做不到的事,他却能做到呢?这引起了我的深思。我认为,贝多芬之所以成功,是因为它有着超与凡人的毅力和奋斗精神。面对困难,他丝毫无惧。这就是他成功的秘诀。我学会:只要给自己无限的勇气,再可怕的敌人也可以打败。
最基本的要求是结构完整、言之有序,也就是要用清晰的思路把思想表现出来。议论文逻辑思辨性强,尤其要重视其结构,也就是要做到观点鲜明,布局合理,层次分明,条理清晰。
举例分析用“谈志向”为话题写一篇700字左右的议论文
学生作文《谈志向》评析
第一段:苏轼说“古之立大事者,不惟有超世之才,亦必有坚忍不拔之志。”古往今来,很多人正是有了非凡之志向,才拥有了非凡之成就。(评析:文章开头引用古代名人,能更有力地说明道理,论证观点,接着作者很自然地提出自己的观点:“古往今来,很多人正是有了非凡之志向,才拥有了非凡之成就”,可谓开宗明义,观点鲜明,又持之有据,言之有理,令人信服。)
第二段:“志向可以使人专注拼搏,激发人的斗志,从而取得成功。”(评析:提出分论点一)
第三段:王安石自幼跟随父亲迁徙多地,广泛接触到社会的不公和人民的苦难,萌生了“心哀此黔首”的感情,十七八岁时即以稷、契自命,决心改革社会,为民请命。庆历二年考中进士,上任后即着手兴修水利,并贷谷与民,努力改善民生。后又多次升迁,熙宁二年任参知政事,次年拜相,在宋神宗支持下,发扬“天变不足惧,人言不足恤,祖宗之法不足守”的精神,冲破各种阻扰,以“不畏浮云遮望眼”的气度,努力推行方田、均税、免役、市易、青苗、保马等新法,终使政府财政收入增加,国力增强,民生改善,一定程度上改变了国家积贫积弱的局面,从而在历史上留下了声震长空的巨响。(评析:举王安石立志为民为国的例子。认证分论点一。例证恰当有力,表达精练流畅,又可见作者知识面较广,驾驶素材从容。)
第四段:志向可以使人奋发图强,改变人的命运,从而取得成功。(评析:提出分论点二)
第五段:陈胜年青时,“瓮牖绳枢之子”,家徒四壁,一贫如洗,以靠帮别人做工为生。一次大家在田间劳作休息时,提出“苟宝贵,勿相忘”,众人笑他“若为佣耕,何富贵也?”陈胜叹息曰:“嗟乎,燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉!”正是有了这种不甘平庸的鸿鹄之志,才有了中国历史上第一次轰轰烈烈的农民起义的创举,践行了“壮士不死则已,死即举大名耳”的诺言,印证了“王侯将相宁有种乎”的豪言壮语,不但沉重打击了当时的暴秦,而且鼓舞了后世的人民奋起反抗,不但改变了自身的命运,而且因首发之功而青史留名。(评析:举陈胜立志改变命运,从而成功的例子证明分论点二,既认证充分,又鼓舞人心。语句干炼,意蕴丰富,看得出作者深厚的文化底蕴。)
第六段:志向可以使人高瞻远瞩,砥砺人的意志,从而取得成功。(评析:提出分论点三)
第七段:一九一一年的一天,***在沈阳东关模范学堂回答魏校长“为什么要上学读书啊”的问题时说:“读书是为了中华之崛起!”后来,他为了寻找救国的真理,还去日本留学。在去日本之前,他又回到沈阳的母校,看望老师和同学。他留下的临别赠言是:“志在四方”,“愿相会于中华腾飞世界时”。再一次表达了他献身给亲爱的祖国的宏伟志愿。正是因为有了为中华崛起而读书而奋斗的志愿。他才能有别于同学“上了学,将来好找事做”、“现在读书将来能过好日子”等平常目标,而确立“为中华之崛起”、为共产主义事业而奋斗的高远志向,并在日后风雨如磐的革命生涯中排除万难,鞠躬尽瘁,为建立和建设新中国,无私地献出了毕生的精力。***逝世后,联合国还为之下半旗致哀。***的卓越贡献和高尚人格,归根结底源自他的高瞻远瞩志向和坚定的革命意志。(评析:举***立志改变国家民族的`面貌最终成功还受人尊敬的故事,证明分论点三。)
第八段:由此可见,志向是一个人求知和成长的“内发动机”,它是努力的依据,是动力的核心,对人有很强的激励和鞭策作用,对人生、对社会具有的指导和促进作用。没有人能摧毁志向远大、目标坚定的人。我们高中学生应该早立志,早清楚自己该干什么,不该干什么,朝着既定的奋斗目标,为实现自己的人生价值而不怕艰难困苦、努力奋斗!(评析:结尾总结归纳,联系学生实际再次阐明中心论点,结构完整,有一气呵成之感。如能时代感强些又更好。)
总评:本文立论明确,例证丰富,认证充分;言之有理,言之有序,让人信服。语言表达流畅,行文干净利落。特别是采用了“总分总”式结构,中间部分采取并列式三个分论点,层次清楚,条理清晰,逻辑性强,结构完整。缺点是举例方面代表性不够,如能再举些国外的例子,如巴尔扎克,海伦·凯勒及贝多芬等名人立志成功的故事,这样认证又更充分深入。另外认证方法上稍嫌简单,只有举例认证,此外如比喻认证、类比认证、反面认证等均未涉及,使文章稍嫌“单薄”。但就结构而言,本文是一篇不可多得的佳作,具有很高的参考价值。
在素描绘画当中,最关键的当然是结构。
现实中很多画家,由于对人物或物体结构缺乏了解,最后只能走形式的路子,在创作中很难拿出具有深度的力作。虽然我们已经有了方便的照相机(现在都使用数码相机)和扫描仪,可以在电脑中处理图形,能够省却很多造型的麻烦,但是,形是形,结构是结构,并不是一个概念。对绘画的过程而言,形是附着在结构之上的表象,而结构才是对象的支撑;外在形的轮廓无法真正表现对象的内在美。
我们所观察到的对象的外形,那是一种表象,一种轮廓。当对象一旦变换位置,而我们又缺乏对结构的了解,就很难着手。在初学阶段,几乎每个人都经历了利用稳定的三角形来确定形体的大体位置和构图,然后再用小的虚拟的三角形、方形等分解被画对象局部的位置,这样的方法最后只能是比葫芦画瓢,照相般描绘对象。
就像我们已经走过了充饥的年代一样,我们已经走过了缺图的年代,正跨入一个读图的时代。各种图形、图像、图库层出不穷,再用照相的方法——抄照片去再现对象,倒不如干脆去搞摄影算了,那我们还不如照相机来得客观。对画家来说,最难以接受的便是被人夸奖为:看画得多好,像照片一样。也就是说,那些个作品没有强烈、强调和更深层次的东西,缺少画家对形体结构的理解和对对象的内涵表现的创意,这又怎么能算得上绘画的艺术作品呢?
艺术的真实,并不是纯客观的真实,而是画家通过自己的感官和手,表现画家内心的感受的一种艺术的真实——去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的刻画与刻划。
【习作题目】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
1.学生给老师打分已很普遍;
2.人们对其持不同态度(肯定或否定的态度);
3.你的看法。
【习作解读】
显然,此任务是写一篇议论文,主题为对学生给老师打分的现象进行议论,开放性较大。学生应根据实际情况,从多个方面阐述其原因并表达自己对这种现象的观点和态度。该话题更加贴近学生的实际生活,但有一定的语言难度,也有一定的思想深度。通过此文的写作,也从侧面提示了学生在注重写作基础训练的前提下,也应该注重培养积极思考、灵活运用、自由发挥等能力。
此次的写作任务出题相当巧妙,写作内容涉及的词汇和句型都属于新课程标准范围。题目在考查学生写作能力的同时,也在考查学生的分析判断能力及高度概括能力。富有想象力的学生写出的文章可能生动而富有灵性。此题目能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思,学会换位思考,这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要。
【习作展示】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
Nowadays, a lot of schools ask their students to contribute to grading their teachers. As a teacher, it is their responsibility to satisfy their students in all aspects. Meanwhile, it is admirable that school teachers prefer to expose themselves to their students.
If the system of grading of teachers by students is introduced, it will benefit students, teachers and the administration of the school for a number of reasons. For one thing, the system will give teachers and the administration of the school an insight into the minds of the students and show whether the teachers are successful in getting their lessons understood by the students; for another, it will also encourage the good teachers to continue their efforts and motivate themselves. What is more, it will expose those who are not doing enough and will lead them to correct their teaching methods as well as their attitude towards students. Thus the quality of teaching will certainly improve.
In a word, it is a promising concept and will bring surprisingly good results if applied with the right conditions.
【习作点评】
作者观点明确,赞成学生给老师打分。作为老师,就要做一个让学生满意的老师。这样,不仅对学生、学校有利,而且对老师本人也有利。这样,老师就会从另一个角度重新审视自己,看自己是否是一个成功的老师。如果得到学生的认可,这将是对自己的一次鼓励,为继续前行增添动力。如果学生的认可度不高,老师就应进行反思,调控教学方法和教学态度。这样,教学质量肯定会提高。作
者用简洁、明快的语言以及自己的经历列举了充分的论据,内容充实,贴近生活。For one thing, for another, what is more, in a word等过渡词的使用,是短文结构清晰,层次分明。最后,最值得一提的是,文中多次正确运用的高级词汇和复杂句式,给文章增添了不少文采。综上所述,这是一篇不可多得的佳作,值得向大家推荐。
二、写作模板
此模板适用于社会现象类议论文。参考模式如下:
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental There are a couple of reasons behind this problem/phenomenon. For one ;Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
Nowadays, there exists a common phenomenon—with the development of the Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones to their friends and relatives when an important holiday comes.
There are a couple of reasons behind this phenomenon. For one thing, compared with the traditional cards, electronic cards are more lively and interesting. They can give not only pictures but also sound and animation. For another, there are many websites online which offer varieties of cards for you to choose from. What is more, with the popularity of the electronic cards, less paper is used in making paper cards, which does good to our environment.
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that sending greetings by using electronic cards will be accepted by more and more people, not only the young ones.
三、写作指导
写作思路是先列出一个具体的社会问题或者现象,然后分析产生的原因和产生的影响,最后提出解决问题的办法,或者得出结论,或者提出个人看法,或者预测前景。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是作者对所议论问题所持有的见解和主张,论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说,议论文每段都有主题句来确定论点。论证的方法很多,但最常用的是因果分析法。即:分析事实与论点的因果关系,指出取得结果的原因是所要证明的论点,从而达到论证的目的。
在近几年的高考中,议论文的比重占得越来越多,议论文的.出题形式可以多种多样,有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型,但文体实际是议论文,而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是:
1. 观点鲜明,文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明,一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持,不同层次之间要分明,过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文,得出一个符合逻辑的结论,突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力,一般不采用口语。
四、巩固练习
1.【练习题目】
2010年上海世界博览会期间,上万的青年志愿者参加志愿工作,请你谈谈对此现象的看法。
【参考范文】
During the period of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, tens of thousands of young citizens are participating in volunteer work, hoping to devote themselves to the grand occasion. As far as I am concerned, everyone ought to enter for it. Here are the reasons I want to mention.
It can be argued that the advantages of doing unpaid volunteer work are enormous, because volunteer work is actually a two-way street. First of all, volunteer work should always benefit people who need help. Those who need help will feel happier due to our immediate help. On the other hand, as far as the young people ourselves are concerned, we have more opportunities to develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others.
Through this kind of work, we become confident and mature. In addition, we can make many friends and increase our chances of getting the jobs of our dreams. Furthermore, volunteer work plays an active role in building up a harmonious society.
In a word, it is of great value for the young adults to offer volunteer work. The youth volunteers do make a difference by the voluntary work! Why not join them and do something for our country?
2.【练习题目】
某些中学生为了显示自己成熟或表明自己醋而吸烟。请写一篇120词左右的短文,列举吸烟的危害,并提出建议。
【参考范文】
I am sorry to know that more and more middle school students begin to smoke. I think it is wrong to believe that smoking is cool and even think that smoking makes you appear to be mature. In fact, smoking is not cool but very dangerous.
First, smoking can do much damage to health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart diseases, cancers and other problems. It is reported that about 5 million people die of diseases related to smoking each year all over the world.
Second, it is a waste of money to smoke cigarettes. Smoking can cost a great deal of money. Once you are addicted to it, it is difficult to give it up.
What’s more, smoking can cause fires easily, which may do great damage to your life and your surroundings.
So give up smoking at once! Only in this way can you keep healthy forever.
3. 【练习题目】近年来,越来越多的中学生出国学习,出现了所谓的中学生“出国热”。请根据以下提供的信息,谈谈自己的看法。
1)良好的语言环境,更利于语言学习。
2)拓宽视野,学习国外先进的科学技术。
3)传播各民族间的不同文化。
参考词汇:媒介,中间人:mediator
【参考范文】
In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese middle school students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.
There are a number of reasons for attending schools abroad.First, students who are studying abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. They can communicate with each other directly and learn about different cultures. Second, they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries and experience different education methods.Third, they live in foreign countries and take classes given by foreign teachers. As a result, they can learn foreign languages much more quickly.
Therefore, it is advisable to attend schools abroad.
4.【练习题目】随着经济和社会的发展,道路上的私人小汽车越来越多。请根据自己的观察和理解,谈谈自己的观点。
【参考范文】
With the fantastic development both in economy and in society in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But I strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.
I hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run on the road, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic jams so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In a word, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore, I am against developing private cars.
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