一般记叙文和童话教学过程都应该是启发学生理解文章主题的过程。引导学生从语言文字入手,去掌握文章的具体内容,再领会文章的思想感情,即“披文以入情”。
对小珊迪形象的理解,应首先从分析小珊迪“求卖心切”的原因,来理解小珊迪纯朴的性格;再从分析小珊迪“人穷志不穷”,在生命垂危的情况下,派弟弟送回“找头”的事迹,来理解诚实的性格;最后,再从小珊迪临终托弟(孤)怆然逝去的.不幸遭遇来理解他善良的性格。
同样,对卖火柴小女孩的形象理解也应该经历“披文入情”的过程。但童话教学在这个过程中应该抓住“幻想”这个特征。固然,在理解的过程中想象是十分重要的。要使抽象的文字,在儿童脑海中变成活生生的生活画面,没有想象力是不可能做到的。但“想象”要有个基础,那就是字词概念所反映的客观事物(作为记忆表象贮存于大脑中)。因此,引导学生理解的过程,就是启发想象的过程。可见“启发想象”是一般记叙文和童话都应该重视的教法与学法。但童话中的想象多以幻想的形式出现。幻想是创造想象的一种特殊形式,是一种与生活愿望相结合并指向未来的想象。童话中的幻想一般是以主人翁的“有意幻想”(一种从实际出发,以现实生活发展的规律为依据的,经过一定努力可以实现的幻想,也叫理想)形式出现的。是借幻觉写真情的。而儿童的幻想往往有明显的直观性、虚构性和明显的社会性、历史性。因此在童话的教与学活动中,就要突出幻想的这个特征。当教学到卖火柴的小女孩临终前,三次擦燃火柴,三次看到幻象时,就要遵循幻想的规律,使这些幻象同样出现在小学生的脑际,使他们身历其境。首先,要理解小女孩脑际会出现此情此景是有其现实生活基础的,因此要学生先理解语言文字:“寒冷”就使人追求“暖和”,而“火”--即使是一根火柴的微弱的火--也能产生一丝的热。这就是小女孩在墙内敢于抽出一根火柴在墙上擦燃的原因。而对描写大街上、家里寒冷的语言文字的理解就是理解“擦燃火柴取暖”的基础。其次,要调动学生的记忆表象,借以产生想象力:小女孩双手拢着“火”,因而感到一丝的温暖。当天寒地冻的时候,人们都会围着火炉,暖烘烘的。于是小女孩的眼前(小学生的眼前)出现了幻象:暖烘烘的火炉。再次,把语言文字--记忆表象--想象的画面(幻象)重叠起来,引导理解文章的主题:火柴灭了,投在墙上的光消失了(手心上“暖和”的感觉也消失了)于是幻象也破灭了。那短暂的温暖不可能奇迹般地救活这可怜的小女孩。最后引导学生从幻象中回到现实生活:她正想把脚也伸到“火炉”边烤一烤,但火柴灭了,她得不到她所想得到的暖和--在资本主义社会里,劳动人民的命运是多么悲惨呀!
把握“幻想”这个特色,使学生进入童话世界。这是理解童话内涵的必经之路。如果教师在教学过程中一味强调“幻象”就是“假”的,现实中不可能有的。那么学生就得不到感染,无疑只是把作品的思想感情强加给学生罢了。
(一)改写一般疑问句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,将be动词提前,其他顺序不变。
例如:Thisisacat.变为Isthisacat?
(2)原句中有情态动词的(can/may/shall/would)将情态动词提前,其他顺序不变。例如:Hewouldlikeapie.变为Wouldhelikeapie?
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在句首加助动词do或dose(用于主语是第三人称动词单数的句子),其他顺序不变。例如:Iplaytheguitar.变为Doyouplaytheguitar.
(4)原句中的some变any。
注:以情态动词开头的一般疑问句,并且要求对方做肯定回答的`some不变。
(5)原句中的第一人称改为第二人称。例如:Iamanurse.变为Areyouanurse?
(6)以dose开头的一般疑问句,原来动词的第三人称单数形式要变回原形。例如:Hereadsastorybook.变为Dosehereadastorybook?
(二)改写否定句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,直接在be动词后面加not。例如:Itisadog.→It’snotadog./Itisn’tadog.
(2)原句中有情态动词的,直接在情态动词后加not。
例如:Iwouldlikeahotdog.→Iwouldnotlikeahotdog.
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在一般动词前加don’t或doesn’t(用于主语是第三人称单数的句子),doesn’t后面用原型。例如:Iseethreehamburgers.→Idon’tseethreehamburgers.
原句中的some变any例如:Ihavesomebreadan
dmilk.→Idon’thaveanybreadandmilk.
(4)以let开头的祈使句,如果是letus或letme,直接在其后加not;如果let后面其他人称代词宾格(you、him、her、them、it)就在let后面加助动词don’t。例如:Letusgotothepark.→Letusnotgotothepark.再如:Letthemdohomework.→Don’tletthemdohomework.
(三)对划线部分提问:
对划线部分提问,就是先把一个陈述句的划线部分去掉,然后变为一个特殊疑问句:一是特殊疑问句+一般疑问句;
二是特殊疑问句+陈述句(对主语或主语的定语提问,therebe结构除外)
⑴划线部分是人,用who提问。
⑴划线部分是主语,用who提问,who后面的动词要用第三人称单数形式。如:Whois;Wholikes;Whohas?
方法:who+原句的剩余部分
例如:①HelenandMikearelisteningtomusic.
→Whoislisteningtomusic?
②Ihavesomemodelplanes.
→Whohasanymodelplanes?
⑵划线部分是表语,用who提问。
方法:Who+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
⑵划线部分是事或者物,用what提问。
方法:what+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式。
注:如果原句是therebe句型,直接用What’s+地点状语来提问。例如:①Wewouldliketobuysomethingsforaparty.
→Whatwouldyouliketobuyforaparty?
②Therearealotofcakesintheplate.
→Whatisintheplate?
⑶划线部分是物主代词或名词所有格,用Whose提问。
方法:⑴划线部分是主语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分
例如:Ourclassroomisbright.
→Whoseclassroomisbright?
⑵划线部分是表语或表语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:①ThewomanisSuYang’steacher.
→Whoseteacheristhewoman?
注:对某部分的定语提问,被修饰的部分跟随特殊疑问句往前提②ThispurseisYangLing’s.
→Whosepurseisthis?
⑷划线部分是地点,用where提问。
方法:where+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:TheyarehamingaMathslessonintheclassroom..
→WherearetheyhavingaMathslesson?
⑸划线部分是“多少”,用howmany或howmuch提问。
方法:⑴句中是可数名词的用Howmany+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Therearefifteentreesintheplayground.
→Howmanytreesarethereintheplayground?
⑵句中是不可数名词的用Howmuch+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Ihaveaglassofjuiceforbreakfast.
→Howmuchjuicedoyouhaveforbreakfast?
⑹划线部分是时间,用when或whattime(具体的几时几分)提问。方法:⑴when+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:SuYangandSuHaiareathomeonSundaymorning.
→WhenareSuYangandSuHaiathome?
⑵问具体的时间直接用Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?问
例如:It’sthreeforty-five.
→Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?
Children's finally here, it is our holiday, but imagine the children also accompanied by together, everybody is more excited.
Children on this day, white clouds float over the blue sky, the children also have made a hot air balloon, they sit together on yourself a hot-air balloon, extremely happy! Balloon flying high, and finally flew to the sky, the children are in the sky holiday, the children sit on clouds, umpa jump, like a frisky little monkey.
Playing children, suddenly to rain cats and dogs, the children of the balloon has stalled, baiyun sister swept away by the wind, the children fell into despair. Is a time of crisis, a group of dragonflies sister and sister flew caught the children, and the safety of the children to the ground.
On the ground, only butterflies woven into a rainbow "lei", the children wear a wreath, some like a fairy, some like a warrior.
Play tired, the children fell asleep between full of fragrance of flowers.
Children's good play my imagination, to one day be able to live in such a children's day.
Sometimes I dream about life in the future. What will it be?
Perhaps some people will go to the moon for a holiday or even live on the moon,and some scientists will build cities under the sea to make people live there. We can have a medical examination or do some shopping without leaving our homes,which makes the life more convenient. Maybe we will also do some shopping and work at home.
And I'm sure there'll be more educational programmes on the radio or TV or by the Intemet or videophones,so perhaps some children won't need to go to school every day. They'll study at home.
In the future,all electric equipment at home is under the con-trol of computers. People can learn about the situation of the house by working on the computer at the office. No people like doing housework. Maybe each family will have a robot. Every day we can tell the robot what to do-shopping,housework and so on. believe the dream will come true some day.
记叙文多以起因、经过、结果结构情节。作用根据表达思想内容的需要可采用顺、倒、插、补等叙述顺序。可用总分、并列、递进、转折等形式安排题材。因为布局谋篇是为表现主题服务的,所以在一般记叙文教学中,教师可以引导学生“解剖”结构,从中获取理解信息,从而受到熏陶感染。
小珊迪为什么苦苦哀求要人买他的一盒火柴?个中“原因”,文章开头并没有一语道破。教师要引导学生去理解这么一个情节:小珊迪没有及时送回“找头”,“我”感到“上当”。小珊迪的弟弟送来“找头”,“我”才知道小珊迪的不幸遭遇,看到了穷孩子诚实的优秀品质。这时才点明原因:为了养活弟弟。再层层递进,在“结局”阐明主题。
而童话在结构上大都采用“反复”的手法,其情节似乎凝结在一个点上,反反复复地强化表象,沿着同一路子,让学生尽情展开想象的翅膀。
卖火柴的小女孩连擦三根火柴,看到三个幻象,小学生的想象的路子是:寒冷--想得到温暖--擦燃火柴烤火--似乎坐在火炉前--火柴灭了,火炉不
见了。饿了--想得到食物--街上飘着烤鹅的香味--好象看到烤鹅--好吃呀!于是烤鹅就填满了葡萄干;想吃呀!于是烤鹅背上就插着刀叉摇摇摆摆地向她走来--真要动手拿刀叉吃--火柴灭了,烤鹅不见了。圣诞树幻象的出现和消失过程也一样。这种情节上反复的特色,教师在教学时要充分加以利用,第一次幻象兴灭,教师可详加启发,第二、三次幻象兴灭过程就可以半扶半放,让学生沿着同一想象的路子展开想象。使学生身临其境,深受感染。
除反复以外,一般记叙文的其他结构文章的方法,同样在童话的教与学中也要加以利用。当小女孩看到流星时,她想到奶奶--“一颗星星落下来,就有一个人要死去了。”奶奶在世时,对她的疼爱立刻充满了她的整个身心,她投身奶奶的怀抱--她知道火柴灭了奶奶会不见了。于是她擦燃整把的火柴(文章的情节这时跳出了反复),和奶奶一起飞向没有寒冷、没有饥饿、没有痛苦的极乐世界去了。--结尾余意深长地描绘了一幅悲惨的画面--小女孩死了,嘴角上依然留着微笑,手上握着没有燃尽的火柴梗。教师凭借这个结尾,把学生带回现实,跳出以上三次反复,引导理解“微笑”为什么留在嘴角?“火柴梗”为什么没有燃尽?使学生既能“入书”,又能“出书”。
以分析结构为杠杆,获取理解文章的信息,培养学生的独立阅读能力,又是一般记叙文与童话教学的共同点。
Imagination is the ability to form a mental image of something that is not perceived through the senses. As to the attitude towards imagination, it varies from person to person. Some people think that imagination is good for many things. First, imagination makes it possible to experience a whole world inside the mind. Secondly, imagination has a great role and value in each one’s life.
However, some people hold a negative view on it. They think it does not matter whether you have imagination or not. First, imagination is not practical, which makes people daydreamers. Second, people sometimes do not have to be imaginative in life or work. If they follow the step-by-step schedule, they also would succeed. In their eyes, imagination is a creative power but it is not necessary to achieve success in any field.
As I am concerned, I think we should recognize the importance of the power of the imagination, maintain, and develop our imagination as time steps. Understanding how to use your imagination correctly will put you on the golden path to success, satisfaction, and happiness.
考辅P42
1.IgaveTomthebook.//
2.Heboughthismothersomeflowers.//
3.Thebridgewasbuiltbyworkerslastyear.//
4.Wehavetofinishtheworktoday.//5.Hewilldohishomeworktomorrow.//
6.Wecleantheroomseveryday.//7.Thewriterspent3yearsonthebook.//
8.Itisabookwithalotofbeautifulpictures.//
9.Thebooksoldverywellduringthefirstweek.//firstweek.
10.Marywastheonlyoneintheoffice.//
11.Shefinishedherworkat10o’clock.//Shedidn’12.Shehadtotakeataxihomebecauseitwastoolate.
13.LizaandMikearrivedattheGreatWallintwohours.
14.Theywerehappytogettothetop.//
15.TheyenjoyedthemselvesontheGreatWall.//
16.ThepostmansentSusanandTommyapaperbox.
17.Theyopeneditandfoundapresentfromtheirfriend.
18.Theybothlikedthepresentandfeltveryhappy.
19.Alicedidn’tfeelwelltoday,soshewenttothehospital.
20.Thedoctoraskedhersomequestions.//
21.Thedoctordidn’tgiveheranymedicineintheend.
(全真1)
1.ThecapitalAirporthasbeeninusefor20years.//
2.ThecapitalAirportisthelargestoneinChina.//
3.Ihavenevertakenaplane.MyfriendLiPing,either.//
(全真2)
1.Fathergave$20formetobuysomebooks.//
2.IwasexcitedwhenIsawsomanygoodbooksinthebookstore.
3.ButsomebookswouldcostmorethanIhave.//
ButIdidn’//(全真3)
1.ManyChinesefriendswenttotheparty.2.Tonywasgivenalotofpresentsbyhisfriends.//Tony’
3.SeeinghisChineseteacheratthepartymadeTonyveryhappy.//(全真4)
1.Iwanttoeatsomething.//2.Therefrigeratorisempty.//3.Bobspentfifteenyuanonthehamburger.///(全真5)
1.Mr.Wangdoesn’tworkinthatfactoryanylonger.//
2.Mr.Wanglefthomeearlierinordertocatchthebus.3.Mr.Wangfindsitnoteasytogetalongwiththatyoungguy.//(专家1)
1.Manypeoplewentshoppingyesterday.
2.Janespent4hourstobuyNewyeargifts.//
3.Shewassotiredthatshecouldn’twalkanylonger.//
(专家2)
1.Myfriendssaidtome,“Areyoufree?”
2.Shewantedmetogoshoppingwithher.
3.Shethinksitapleasuretogoshoppingwithafriend.
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