导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
我有一个特点:那就是“见藐小之物,必细查其纹理。”所以,我也就常有了“物外之趣”。
一天,我正在散步,一片树叶落下来了,我顺手拾了起来。它是椭圆形的,柔柔的、软软的;闻一闻,一股大自然的气息,清香入鼻。我的“细查纹理”的老毛病又犯了。叶面上,最突出的,就是它的叶脉。叶脉就像人的血管一样,只不过“血管”流动着水、无机盐和有机养料罢了。这些“血管”像树的枝条,枝枝杈杈的。与人的指纹一样,每片叶子的纹络都是不相同的。
我还发现:树叶尖部的颜色比底部的要深,上面是深绿色,还微微发黑,越往低部,树叶的颜色就越浅,最后变成了浅绿色,绿得发青,青里还带着些黄。但这是为什么?原来,树叶尖部面的叶绿体多,所以颜色深,而下面的叶绿体相对较少,所以颜色略浅。原来,树叶里有科学,科学里有乐趣。
还有一次,我发现楼下小区的一颗柳树根部很潮,就像下过雨一样,而其它的柳树下面,却是***。我又搞不懂了。
这时,一滴 “泪水”滴在了我的脸上,凉凉的,粘粘的,擦还擦不掉。树怎么会流泪呢? “泪水”为什么还这么粘呢?我便去问互联网。原来,柳树伤心的情况是一种蚜虫引起的。这种蚜虫,叫柳长喙大蚜,俗名“柳大蚜”,赫色的身体,样子像虱子,体长可达4毫米。这些泪水,是蚜虫的分泌物。
最奇的,是蚜虫的喙(即所谓的“嘴”,比身体还长。它就是靠这长长的喙,穿过厚厚的树皮,吸到树的汁液。每年,“柳大蚜”都来折腾柳树。被它嗑过的大树,树叶枯黄。严重点儿的,柳树就会得“皮肤病”,树皮全面溃烂。这对柳树来说,是致命的伤害。
大自然里的奥妙很多,去观察,去探究,把未知变为已知,把已知变为知“道”,这是点滴的收获,是美妙的体验,也是生活的一种乐趣。
早晨,推开窗旁阳台的门,小心地扶着木把手。坐在木椅上,抬头看外面,是一望无际的蓝天白云和数也数不尽的灰墙瓦片……在西塘古镇的两天一夜,我按下关机键,让手机静静躺在包里。当视线从几英寸的小屏幕移向眼前的美景,我在现实世界里找到了久违的乐趣。
解放了双眼,我发现小桥流水的缠绵与感性;启动了嗅觉,我闻到空气的清新与柔软。漫步着,我竟突然生出一种自己身处“桃花源”的错觉来了。那是从屏幕上从来没有得到过的乐趣。
想起昨晚的游船,昨晚的潋滟水波,昨晚明亮的红灯笼。我坐在乌篷船里,浓重的夜色将整个小镇笼罩在无穷无尽的墨色中,小船置身于温柔水波的轻歌曼舞中,飘飘然于世间。桨公站在船的最前头,将嘎吱嘎吱的`木头船慢慢推向岸的那一头。这样的乐趣,手机屏上变换不出呀!
对了,岸边还搭着个戏台,几个演员站在台上咿咿呀呀地唱些什么,我听不懂,却觉得好听。可能是因为那软糯的嗓音,也可能是因为那清脆悦耳的玲珑曲调,沿着水波,流向那边墨一般的夜空去了。桨公继续摇着船,想起鲁迅先生在《社戏》里描写的场景,仿佛自己摇身一变,成了其中的“迅哥儿”。十月不凉的风轻轻扑上,又转瞬消失在身边,小船儿摇啊摇,红灯笼曳啊曳,我在游船中醉了又醒,醒了又醉,流连在无尽的波浪中了。这样的乐趣,手机屏里怎能流淌出来?
当智能手机成了我们接触世界的入口,当地铁里、校园中、聚会上个个都成为“低头族”时,我们究竟对多少真实的乐趣视而不见?尽管,我们终究不能也不必彻底放弃手机,但适时与它暂别,把视线从虚拟世界移向现实世界,你一定会发现:线下的世界,大有乐趣!
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