1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
前段时间闹得轰轰烈烈的“虎妈”、“鹰爸”事件想必仍记忆犹新。他们培养出的孩子各个品学兼优,才华横溢,教育方式引来一批人追捧。但冷静思考之,才发现这不过是教育的“懒政”。
父母望子成龙、望女成凤无可厚非,但虎妈鹰爸们却把孩子们当成了他们达到某种目标的工具;制定各种高强度的学习方案,规定凌晨5点起床、晚上12点才睡觉的严苛作息,成绩必须得到全优……但试问,这些孩子了一摞高过自己的证书,他们的童年还剩什么呢?
漫画向我们展示了两种完全不同的教育方式:一种是分分必争纯粹以分数至上为目标,另一种却是注重于孩子的点滴进步。我为后者击节叫好!
父母是孩子的启蒙老师,他们的一言一行无不潜移默化地影响孩子的成长。故父母要担当起人生导师的责任,在孩子的人生各方面为他们点亮明灯。而不是为了成为别人眼中羡慕的成绩优异生,成为自己口中骄傲的谈资。这种父母无疑是自私的,无疑是最懒怠、最没有用心关注孩子成长的。
千年的儒家文化为何能生生不息,历久弥新,屹立于世界文化之林?我想那便是孔老夫子的那一句“因材施教”化为春风沐阳,化为每个人心田里的一丝希望。孔子弟子三千,情形各异的人不胜枚举,但他却能以谆谆教诲培育出无数优秀的后辈。反观某些家长,抱怨自己孩子难管,将孩子的失误责任推向学校、老师,不免过于失职。三千弟子都能成长有素,何况一个孩子呢?
再者,教育绝不能粗暴行事。以理服人,以情动人,才是教育应有的生态。家长要学会具体问题具体分析,拒绝往规则、制度里框住孩子,要灵活变通,根据孩子的个性特点采取适当的教育方式,讲求“精准教育”,也不要在语言上抱怨责备孩子,恶语伤人三分寒,暖语人间四月天。多给予他们鼓励、支持,不但要善于做一个“批判者”,也要善于做一个“建设者”。
成长的塑造不单是由学识堆砌而成的。无知肤浅如“北大炫证女”,凭自己聪慧头脑与努力在大学内考过了大大小小各式各样的证件,但目的却是将证件铺在床上显示自己很有本事的照片,来哗众取宠,夺人眼球。你能说这是教育的成功范例吗?过多的“功利主义”“实用主义”已使他们迷失方向,让原本纯洁的心染上了“利欲色彩”。所以,父母更多的应该让孩子学会树立正确的人生观。因为那些公序良俗远比冷冰冰的知识重要。
莫让孩子成为机器,让他们成为一个有血有肉深入社会的人。莫让“懒政”使孩子走向深渊!
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
“爱其子,择师而教之。”今人之于古人,更为注重孩子的教育。然而,不少父母把重视化为对于点点成绩的纠结,平日里的“天子骄子”因点点失误而被“由爱转恨”者有之,一直的“差生”因点点进步而顿被“捧在手心”者亦有之。父母的态度因一点点分数改变而“一百八十度”大转弯,这是对待成绩过于主观、生硬的行为。
分数的沉浮本就有多重原因,孩子的掌握、思维方式、老师出题的难度,甚至于个人的运气皆可改变成绩的高低。仅以“这次比上次高了几分”来界定孩子是否认真学习是不客观的、表面的。高分学生的父母看不到孩子一直以来的勤奋与不缀,低分学生的父母不能认识到孩子的能力与水平。单次成绩的沉浮即界定英雄、评定父母心中的“宝”,难以认识到孩子的水平,终会致使孩子深陷那红色的分数中,不清醒且不理智。
《礼记》有言“父之爱子,乃生而行之乎。”父母的爱本是无条件,而现今因分数一点点退步或增加均可改变父母的爱,则此爱易流于表面而不触其心。孩子退步了两分即挨了巴掌,或许便是错罚了试题变难仍是班级第一的他。孩子学习如同苦行僧在路上踱步前进,这一路上,父母的关爱与理解是如“春风潜入夜,润物细无声”般让前路阳光明媚。而若父母的爱变得“有偿”,须用分数进步来赢得,只会让孩子战战棘棘,时刻背负“优生的包袱”或者“差生的重担”。
古人云,“爱其子,则为计之深远。”父母看待孩子的眼光不应局限于那小小的分数。考试是对孩子学习的评估、却并非是对孩子的评估。父母看待孩子分数的眼光也不应局限于一隅,而应看到整体的、比较的,这样才能知道成绩背后那点点浮沉的真正意义。父母的“巴掌与吻”是可影响孩子一生的。曾几何时武汉神童惊人跳级、学业有成,而父母惯于其优异,容不得半点失误或退步,他终顶不住压力而厌学,“泯然众人矣。”
成绩那点点浮沉并不能直接界定了孩子的“好坏”、“优差”,也不能作为孩子赢得父母的爱的筹码。只有看到孩子真正的实力,给予及时支持,方能在无涯学海上为他撑起一片小舟,助他学成至彼岸。
漫画中,第一个孩子先因考100分得到一个吻的奖赏,后因考98分得到一个耳光的责罚;第二个孩子先因考55分被赐一个掌印,后因考61分被赏一个吻。看罢漫画,不禁深思,仅因一时分数升降便或奖或罚,实在失之偏颇。其实,孩子就像正在成长的树,他取得的成绩就像一片片的叶子,实在不必因孩子之树上长出一片好看的叶子而欣喜若狂,更不必因长出一片不太好看的叶子而全盘否定甚至大打出手,切勿因一叶而障目。
孩子的成长中,不只有学习,不只有分数,还应该有“诗和远方”。但是在唯分数论的大语境下,孩子被要求拼命追求分数的提升,不能有丝毫退步,甚至被苛求次次满分。这和饲养速成鸡有何区别呢?让鸡不会生病,只在激素、饲料的作用下疯长速成,这是违背规律的。孩子的成长需要经历幸福,更需要经受困难挫折,他在学习过程中要懂得付出汗水,也要懂得不是每一次努力之后都能立刻进步,懂得进步未必能立刻体现在成绩上,懂得成绩起伏本就是正常现象,只有持续努力,不断积蓄力量,才能成就更好的自己,从而开出人生之花,结出人生之果。父母作为孩子生命中最重要的人,怎能如此随意地唯分数而无视对孩子全面的评判?孩子似树,成绩如叶,家长勿因一叶而障目。
与此相似,在中国,拥有升学压力的中小学学校,很多时候也会因成绩这一叶而障目。比如在评价教师上较为片面,常只看教师所带班某学期某学段末尾的成绩来评判一个教师,往往看不到教师平时的努力付出与血泪辛酸,更难以理解绝大多数挣扎在教学一线的教师之苦。同样的,教师的教学不只有分数,还应该有理解与赏识,还应该有“诗和远方”。教师似树,成绩如叶,学校勿因一叶而障目。
再有,商人逐利本无可厚非,若眼中只有所要得的利益的这张成绩单,会因这如一叶的成绩单而障目,看不到理应有的诚信,看不到理应有的良知,看不到商人逐利活动之上理应高悬的“义”,才有地沟油、毒奶粉、假疫苗等骇人听闻的事件。再如,过分注重GDP数值的成绩单,而忽视国民文明水平的整体提升、道德素养的丰富等更重要的问题。这些都是因为太看重利益成绩单而导致的容易一叶障目的结果。成绩、利益如叶,切勿因一叶而障目。
当然,人不免受局限为外物蒙蔽,任何事物也都需要有一定的量化的衡量标准,但是不能光看到数值而看不到全面与整体,而可以有更全面多元的评价标准与评判方式,方能更好地避免一叶障目。
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