1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
红荷湿地风景区分为两块,一块是微山湖古镇,另一块便是中国最大的湿地公园------微山湖红荷湿地风景区。
第一站我们和老师来到了古香古色的微山湖古镇。因为大家都没来过,都觉得很新奇,还都想进去玩。偏偏在这时老师喊我们集合照相,过了好长时间才照好。又过了一会,有一位导游过来了,她便领着我们参观古镇。她说这个古镇完全按照清朝建筑风格建造的。我们头顶上的大牌坊上的‘‘微山湖古镇’’这几个字还是我们滕州的大书画家王学仲老先生题的。接着往里走便到了小吃一条街。走到这儿,导游问我们知道滕州八怪吗,我们一脸茫然。她便说:‘‘羊汤油多而不腻,煎饼夹菜真好吃。’’这时我们便明白了,原来她说的.是羊肉汤和菜煎饼呀。我们转了一圈又一次回到了善国大道,正好那里的百姓大舞台表演刚刚开始。先是跳舞,还有小合唱。最精彩的便是魔术和互动情节了。魔术刚开始表演很好,到后来他的两个魔术都露出了破绽。魔术完了主持人却抱了一个大毛绒娃娃、两个小毛绒娃娃和小吃街10元代金券。老师一听要送礼物,便马上上了舞台。当主持人说转呼啦圈时,老师便傻了眼。要不是我们这边学生们的力挺,老师第一轮就下来了。到最后,奖品竟然以套呼啦圈的方式赠送,老师便获了一等奖。在看表演时,我还买了一顶高端大气上档次的超帅牛仔帽。
接着我们来到了红荷湿地风景区。
在那里我们先坐上了酷似城管座驾的电瓶车去码头。本来我坐的车是第一出发的,可到后来竟成了倒数第一,真是‘‘长江后浪推前浪,把第一拍在沙滩上!’’到了码头一件令人非常扫兴的事发生了------我们等了一个多小时船才来。有些禁不住饿的同学便去小超市买熟鸭蛋吃。船一来,我们便欢呼着冲向二楼。等我上去时,楼上座位已经爆满了。我只好和别人站在露天阳台上。关于微山湖的鲤鱼四鼻孔还有一个传说------当年东海龙王为招兵买马设了四个龙门,每过一个龙门便在头上开一窍,微山湖鲤鱼不负众望闯过了四龙门。鲤鱼由于想家,便回到了微山湖。因此,世界上只有微山湖的鲤鱼四鼻孔。
下了船我们便登上了盘龙岛。在岛上有一个小李庄,是铁道游击队基地。那里有芳林嫂故居,刘洪大队长故居和飞贼李九故居。
今天的旅行真愉快!
刚开始是赵本山的徒弟苏丹和苏小豪他们演一个小品拜年,非常搞笑,他们在我们的笑语中演唱了一个二人转,我原来觉得二人转没有什么好看的现在觉得也不错,事后我想可能是他们知道我们不喜欢看二人转所以才弄了个搞笑二人转。他们快要演完时,苏丹来了个跳跃那一跳可不要紧,全场观众笑了有10分钟,我觉得这次晚会就是因为他们而精彩,直到演下一个节目时观众有的还在笑。
下一个是小沈阳的模仿秀,表演者林富祥(林福祥),表演的'是在2009年央视春晚时的情景,也是非常搞笑,但没有刚才那一个二人转效果好,但是这次有人给他送花而上次没有,送完花,表演者好像更卖力了,演什么都特别带劲。
林富祥下场后,主持人上场了,这次是赵宝乐,他说的日语特别有意思,土豆那里去挖?土豆滕州去挖。然后问了几句现在唱歌你知道叫什么吗?赵宝乐:这可难不住我,当然叫K歌了,好下面有请中国K歌歌王黄永。往后我就不知道了,为什么呢? 因为我睡着了,到了10点时,我被他们(观众)叫醒了,因为伊能静上场了。她唱的第一首歌是念奴娇,把观众都迷死了,唱完后全场的观众都走了,还有一个节目就是市领导合影。
人都走后我也走了我看了一下表11点了外面下了一阵雨,在路上我一直在想,只有以后有出息了,才能像前排的领导一样,在显要位置来看这样的场子。所以我从现在开始就要“好好学习,天天向上”。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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