李婧英语四级作文讲义【一】
1、如何把握说明对象？
方法一：看题目，不少题目都表示说明的对象。如《中国石拱桥》。
方法二：抓首括句和中心句。说明文往往运用这种句子来突出所要说明的事物和特征。
2、如何抓住说明事物的特征？
一看标题 标题中的修饰 限制成分
二抓中心句 例如《中国石拱桥》三大特点：历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固。 三借助说明的内容概括事物的特征
3、分析说明方法
常见的说明方法有哪些？
（1）下定义：用简洁的语言科学揭示事物的本质属性。如等边三角形是三边相等的三角形。
（2）举例子：举一些通俗易懂、有代表性的例子说明事物或事理。
（3）分类别：按一定的标准，不能有从属或交叉关系，要把集合中的所有内容都分完。如人分为：男人、女人。
（4）打比方：用比喻的修辞把抽象、复杂的\'事物说的深入浅出，具体生动。
（5）作比较：用生活中熟悉的事物同要说明的事物相比较，一定有两个方面。
（6）列数字：从数量上说明事物特点，最准确、最有说服力的方法。
（7）引资料：用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力，如引用古诗文、谚语、俗语。
（8）作诠释：局部、某一方面的特征介绍。（9）配图表
（注意：说明方法一般用三个字表达，不要与修辞手法、表达方式混淆，表述要规范。）
这些说明方法有何标记？
（1）下定义：……是……，这就是……，叫……
（2）分类别：有几类（种），一种是……，另一种是……
（3）举例子：例如、又如、比如、再如、如，举例只举一部分。
（4）打比方：像、是、当作，就是比喻。
（5）作比较：而、比……和……两种东西比。
（6）列数字：数词、概数、确数。
（7）引资料：引用，标记是引号。
（8）作诠释：局部、某一方面的特征介绍。
（9）配图表
判断说明方法并分析其作用，再概括答题技巧
1）、作比较
我国的建筑，从古代的宫殿到近代的一般住房，绝大部分是对称的，左边怎么样，右边也怎么样。苏州园林可绝不讲究对称，好像故意避免似的。《苏州园林》 答：这里运用作比较的说明方法,通过苏州园林与我国一般建筑的比较，突出苏州园林不讲究对称的特点
作用：使所比较事物的特点更加鲜明突出
答法：通过某甲和某乙的比较，突出了某甲的某个特点。
2）、列数字
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米,中间略窄,宽9米.
答：运用列数字的说明方法,具体准确的说明了赵州桥雄伟的特征。
作用：翔实具体，真实可信，具有说服力。
答法：通过具体的数字，准确的写出了某物的某个特点。
3）、举例子
我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史。《水经注》里提到的“旅人桥”，大约建成于公元282年，可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了。
答：运用举例子的说明方法,具体地说明了我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史这一特点，使人信服。
作用：使说明内容具体化
答法：运用具体的例子，说明了某物的某个特点，使人信服。
4）、打比方
石拱桥，桥洞成弧形，就像虹。（石拱桥的特点是形式优美、结构坚固）《中国石拱桥》
答：运用打比方的说明方法,生动形象地说明了石拱桥形式优美的特点。 作用：生动形象地表现事物的特点。
答法：生动形象地说明了某物的某个特点。
5）、分类别
按屏的建造材料及装饰的华丽程度,分为金屏、银屏、画屏、石屏、木屏、竹屏等
答：运用分类别的说明方法使文章严密细致，条理清晰。
作用：使文章严密细致，条理清晰
答法：准确地揭示了某物的某个特征。
6）、下定义
屏风是用来挡风或隔断视线的用具.
答：运用下定义的说明方法准确地从本质上说明了屏风的特征。
作用：准确揭示事物的本质。
答法：对某物的某个特点分类说明，使文章严 密细致，条理清晰。 总结说明方法的表达作用（找规律、找方法）
作比较： 突出被说明对象特征
打比方、摹状貌： 使说明生动、形象
列数字、举例子： 使说明内容具体化.准确化
下定义： 准确揭示事物本质特征
分类别： 使文章严密细致，条理清晰
引用： 使说明内容更充实，增加说明的趣味性
实战演练：
4、
5、说明文语言
语言的准确性，是说明文语言的最基本的特点，是说明文这种文体具有较强的科学性这一特点决定的。在说明文阅读题中常以某个起限制修饰作用的字、词、句的选择、替换、增删来引导同学们品味说明文语言准确性的特点。我们要特别注意的是文中的修饰、限制性词语。
李婧英语四级作文讲义【二】
Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
李婧英语四级作文讲义【三】
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先，提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段：提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段：正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段：摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次，提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性，连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity：段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛，也不可太具体，做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明，另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence：关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰，层层展开。
完整性(completeness：以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头，这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次，提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型：It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单，注意练习并接句的使用，会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as，如：
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头，句式简单，我们可以通过把since提前改变句式，如：
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后，提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法：millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论，辩论”的意思，而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.，相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略：使用最近所学的单词，如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后，我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文，以供参考：
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
李婧英语四级作文讲义【四】
The picture shows us a dialogue between a father and a son. The son told his father, “Dad, I’m a bit worried about disposing of nuclear waste”. While his father told him, “If you can empty the dustbin here you can do anything”. It reveals the importance of doing small things well before undertaking something big. There is also an old Chinese saying to go with this that a person can’t sweep the world before he can sweep his own room.
I agree on the point that it is of great importance for a person to do small things well before undertaking something big. First of all, doing small things well entail the qualities that needed in doing great things such as patience and ability of controlling time. For example, when we sweep our room, we need to manage our time and energy reasonably. Accordingly, if we sweep a bigger room, for example, a classroom with our classmates, we should learn how to cooperate and allot assignments as well. And a big advantage is that we can draw useful lessons from the failure of performing well because they didn’t cost a lot.
In another word, though these things seem trivial, they reinforce our manipulative ability and thus our understanding to the world. Therefore, we should not ignore the small things.
李婧英语四级作文讲义【五】
Just as is revealed in the picture above, the young, nowadays, just like the boy in the drawing, are prone to reach for what is beyond their grasp, but ignore the significance of doing something trivial and simple before accomplishing great feats.
There is no doubt that the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed in the picture should be given deep consideration. As we all know, a man who does not sweep a room, doesn't mention to sweep the world. In other words, the foundations of a building must be strong, or else the whole structure will fall down someday. Therefore, when it comes to the key to success, the most important thing lies in doing every tiny thing well around you.
As the saying goes, “the highest eminence is to be gained step by step.” To achieve the goal, not merely do we need ambition; we also need to realize the importance of dealing with triviality from the beginning. Only in this way can we get on the way to success down to earth.
