每一个考生都想努力做到作文材料新鲜,给阅卷者以耳目一新的感觉。这当然不错,但材料本身的新鲜还要运用得精巧,只有两者结合,才能所向无敌。
素材活用通常包括:一材多用法、反弹琵琶法、组合排比法、避熟求生法、故事新编法等。
1.一材多用法。同一个素材,从不同的角度和侧面去发散思考,整合提炼,就会有不同的妙用。这些角度可以是情感的、哲理的;可以是实用的、科学的、审美的;还可以是历史文化的、地域风情的……
2.反弹琵琶法。同学们使用素材时多是用材料本身所表现出来的方向,或正面,或反面。这是素材运用的一般技巧。反弹琵琶,是运用逆向思维,对素材的内涵加以延伸发掘后,从反面的角度对素材进行重新使用。
3.组合排比法。是指将同类材料进行精要的表述,组合在同一段落中,共同说明同一论点。其好处是显得滔滔不绝,材料充实,理直气壮,可以收到良好的效果。在组合时,语言表达要精要整齐,要按时间先后、由远到近、由主到次等顺序排列。
4.避熟求生法。是指材料选择上尽量避开大家熟悉的,使用大家不熟悉的。这些材料能够反映时代精神,给人以新鲜感。当然,有些材料,从它诞生的时代看,未必属于新材料,但是由于人们知之不多或用之不多,因而也具有相当的新鲜感。
5.故事新编法。是根据表现主题的需要选取人物、情节并作一番改造,形成新的故事情节,人物形象总体改变不大,大致保持原作风貌。这样的故事既可以避免胡编乱造,又可以在新的时代背景下使故事增加许多趣味性,令人爱读。
毕业,像一个句号,结束了我们的小学生活.散伙筵席,举手话别,一切似乎都预奈.我们从此分别,各奔东西,但至少,我们曾经一起走过.
毕业前,时间过得好像流沙,无时无刻不在逝去,想挽留,一伸手,有限的时光却在指间悄然溜走.那些日子.我忙碌着,为了初中考努力着.那时候,我们很辛苦,很疲倦,但因为有同学们的并肩作战,我们痛并快乐着.
漫步于校园,想一想六年前它如何迎来稚气未脱的我们,在这里,它见证了我们六年的成长.
一和二年级的时候,生活是绿色的,太多的新鲜扑面而来,激动和紧张,陌生和好奇,当然也有许多的不适应.但是新同学的友善和新老师的和蔼,使我们不再畏惧前方的路.
三和四年级的时候,生活变成了橙色,那时候的我们有些叛逆,有些不羁,
有些轻狂.自认为长大了的我们总喜欢和长辈对着干,总爱凭着感情做事.但在学校的生活中,我们像一个大家庭,一起欢笑,一起悲伤,一起歌唱,一起呐喊,那声音荡涤在回环的走廊,那般悠长……
五和六年级的生活,像有一层薄薄的灰色.学业的压力越来越大,作业量也越来越大,扑面而来的的是无数的练习册和试卷.在题海中,我们也曾迷茫过,也曾彷徨过,但因为心中的理想,我们皮荆崭棘,勇敢前行.
而如今,我们毕业了,一切仿佛一首没有写完的诗,匆匆开始,就要匆匆告别.那些彩色的岁月,那些美好的记忆是我们的资本,也是我们的慰籍.
在别人的同学录上写上自己的信息,字迹变成了无限的\'伤感符号.阳光下淡然的笑靥,却也能看出心底的不舍,照相机的定格,我们的容貌留在了那一刻.眼泪,倾泻出了我们的无限哀思.
青春散场,我们等待下一场开幕.等待我们在前面的旅途里,迎着阳光,勇敢地飞向心里的梦想;等待我们在前面的故事里,就着星光,回忆这生命中的美好的六年,盛开过的花儿…
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
到中流击水,浪遏飞舟。——题记
青春,是一座桥,一座幼稚单纯通向睿智坚强的桥。恰同学少年,风华正茂,尽是追求,尽是拼搏,让我们与老师、与同学携手走进青春感受这奋进昂扬的美好时光。
师生斗智求真知
阳光泼洒在窗棂,数学老师正在给我们手舞足蹈讲课。“正多边形对称轴是它每一个边的中垂线,条数是它的边数!”这洪亮的声音充满威严,让人觉那仿佛是不容置疑的.真理。可是,一丝思维的火花在脑中闪过:“正方形的两条对角线也是对称轴呀!所有的正偶数边形都有与对角线重叠的对称轴”。老师显然错了!课后,我立即追上他,告诉他我的想法,他迟疑片刻说:“你画图没有,几何画图就明白了!教书几十年,我心中有数!”他的语气坚定自信,又语重心长。一旁的同学说:“老师是大数学家,你一个学生就不要和专家争了。”老师笑了笑,起身想离开。我不甘心,立即用笔画图给他看。老师抬抬眼镜,疑惑地看着图形上的线条——正方形的确有与对角线重合的对称轴!他显得惊讶,紧锁着眉头,手摸下頦,看了良久。终于,他舒展眉毛,对我说:“哎呀,老师还真弄错了……正偶数边形还有与对角线重合的对称轴!”大家会心地笑了。
让我们与老师一起追求知识和真理,携手走进青春!
同窗助威展风彩
雨丝落在操场,可比赛仍在继续。我正与对手们站在800米赛道的起点线上,哨声一响,箭一般冲了出去。加油声在耳畔,不断响起,似松涛!似雷鸣!迎着风,冒着雨,快步向前,对手们一个个从身边闪过,前方的身影越来越少,我暂时领先为第一!400、300……到最后冲刺的200米,加油的人群中传来一个焦急的声音:“来了!来了!右边,快啊!”余光中,右边的确有了黑影,对手几乎与我持平,这最后竞争的关键时刻来了。“快啊!快啊!……加油!加油!……同学助威声越来越烈,似急促的战鼓,冲锋的号角,我迫使自己的每个细胞都与氧气结合,迸发出奇伟的能量,在同学的鼓励声中,我忘情了,没命了,发狠了,超越对手,险胜夺冠!
让我们与同学一起为荣誉和胜利拼搏,携手走进青春!
青春岁月,来匆匆,去匆匆。曾记否!到中流击水,浪遏飞舟。让我们,永远携手走进青春,收获知识,收获成长,收获无悔青春。
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