1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
小路在脚下延伸,漂浮不定的脚步踏在石板,一颗落魄的心在此邂逅了那位英雄,轻微的风慢慢拂着。夕阳西下,残阳烧不过他的豪情,风又拂不灭我心的激情。
时光飞逝,扼着我的咽喉,让我喘不过气,人生不断在绕弯,路上却有起伏着可怕的绊脚石,与友交谈,分数不就是热点?双眼茫然的我,也只有看着别人扬扬得意,听着别人炫耀的口吻。可是,哪一句没有像针般扎在我的心,直到深处?背负这些却感到毫无动力。
周末。麻木的思维从题海中挣脱出来。走在石板路上,这里是我的童年。“哦!
前面不是有棵木棉?”心里想着,却被眼前的景象定格了视线。风撕裂叶与枝的脐带,叶被卷起,带着泪水,坠落地面,光颓颓的枝头失去生机,好似奄奄一息的老人,“这是木棉?”不敢相信我的眼睛,我仿佛听见它在哭泣,还是说他沉默着等待死亡?我不解。这时,阳光落下,七零八碎的落在地面,我分明知道木棉用他的身体,去无力的反抗。“不是这样的!”我不敢再面对,转身就起步……
有一个星期没有出门,我觉得我真是太可悲!每天不是做题就是辅导,压得我太难受,可是,这不是无可奈何?
迈出家门,出于本能,我决定去看木棉……火焰般的花朵,瞬间点燃了我的血液!没有茂盛的绿叶,有的是他坚挺的身姿,有力的枝木,承载着夺目的生命力,木棉花开了!不禁被眼前的景象震撼,好久回不过神,花开如此艳丽!风吹过,像火苗在跳动,周围持续升温,我已经感受到似火的傲气在我肩上手边环绕,花朵以一种坚韧与超然无限盛开。虽然没有一片叶子,但这恰恰正是生命的顶峰与续写!至命岂可背负太多!想到这里,我恍然大悟:生命不就是要以一种豪情与脱俗去战斗!为何要活的苦涩?被学业压着,压不断坚固的脊梁,压不断灵魂的支柱!我露出笑容,这样就太轻松了,太简单!就像落叶一般……
生命岂可被痛苦占据!人生天地间,若白驹过隙,人生也就那么点路,何必浪费在这些负担?因为一种洒脱与豪情,我读木棉开花的哲理,花开得如此豁达,人怎还会忧伤?
我不是个勇敢的孩子。我害怕困难,我害怕前路的茫然,还害怕面对前路的艰辛,我害怕面对没有方向感的世界,我害怕失去自我。
我总是想学着去坚强,可是坚强并不是那么容易的一件事。坚强总不是我想象的那样子坚强,它并不是两个字,它并不是一种心情,它不是一时的冲动就能完成的事情。我觉得它好难。我曾经尝试着去做,可是最终我还是失败了。我还是放弃了。虽然事情总是以失败而告终,虽然事情总是以放弃而结束,但是我并没有很轻易的说出不。搜虽然不是个勇敢的孩子,可是我也不是轻易放弃的孩子。我的放弃总是在挣扎了之后才做出的决定。
请你不要以为,在你坚强了之后就一定是彩虹,就一定是美丽的世界在等着你,人并不是会事事都顺心,我们照样会面临失败,我们照样会面临痛苦,我们照样会面对哭泣,只是在我们失败在我们痛苦在我们哭泣之前,你要尽量争取。
或许,我是个失败的孩子,我是个还没有长大的孩子。所以我的世界总是失败比较多。不管我努力了多少,我的失败率总是会有70%。
可是那天之后,我觉得,我的生活不该是这样子的,我的生活也不应该是失败的,我的生活也该是五颜六色的。我也权利我也有能力去争取彩虹的。
生命真的很脆弱。大自然两分钟的颤抖,我们就面临生离死别,我们就开始人心惶惶,我们就开始不知所措,我们的大地就是一阵阵的慌乱。
同样,生命也是很坚强的。废墟中的可乐男孩,为了有活着意志力的看书女孩,那个废墟中锯掉双腿才被拯救出来的女孩,经历了几天几夜还能被解放军战士救出来的人们,如果面对着眼前的废墟,看着周围的黑暗世界,他们放弃了生的意志力,那么他们活着吗?他们还有生存的希望吗?
经历了那天,我渐渐的明白,我好像不再是个小孩了,我该做的事情还有很多,我不该那么轻易的说放弃,很多事情我要是再咬咬牙,我也是可以看见彩虹的,我也是可以看见美丽的火光的,可是我总是在最关键的时候犹豫了。尽管我的犹豫也是经历了思考的,可是要是我在思考一下,再好好的想一想,我的周围也会有美丽的奇迹出现的,我的彩虹也在不远处的。我错过了很多次看见彩虹的机会了。
错过的是永远不会再来的,眼前的还在,我要抓住现在,对眼前的事情不要轻易说不了,我要用心的去坚持,我应该用尽自己全身的力量去争取。还是那句,经历了风雨不一定见彩虹,可是不经历风雨就一定不会看见彩虹。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
那是一个四季如春的小村庄里,一池纯白无瑕的白荷在徐徐清风中开得灿烂。碧色的荷叶如一柄柄巨大的团扇,环绕在白荷周围,一起一伏,叶边上凹凸有致,远观,完美得恰到好处。
碧绿的水面上忽然泛起了涟漪,一双白嫩如藕的小脚丫踩进了水中,一双小手在污泥中使劲地挖着。
“妈妈,快过来看,我挖到一个瓶子!”小孩叫着,白嫩的小手上捧着我——一只沾满污泥的瓷瓶,仔细看可以看出白色的瓶身。
闻声跑来的年轻妇人接过手中的我,仔细端详了一番,急匆匆地把我送到一个穿得有模有样的人手中。那人看见我,眼中仿佛射出几道光,像看到了一个绝世奇珍,赞许地点了点头。原来,我是一个唐朝的白瓷瓶。
辗转数日,我被安放在一块崭新的红绸布上,几个员工将我擦得一尘不染,漂亮的花瓶全部展现在世人面前。
“竞价开始!”一个身着笔挺西装的男子走上拍卖台,向喧嚣的人群喊到。台下的人群沸腾起来,随着人们的叫价声,我的身价变得越来越高。我的心情随着竞价的越来越激烈变得沉重起来。谁都有尊严,难道我是一个瓶子就可以这样待我吗?如果是这样,面对这些人,我也无话可说。最后,一个满口金牙,穿着豪奢的妇人,将我拍下。
我被装进盒子,在工作人员殷切的笑容中送到那个妇人手中。
如果瓶子也有眼泪,那一刻我将泪湿眼眶。
我是一只白瓷瓶,但我也有尊严。我历经百年,又来的人世间,只希望有一位知音人。为什么要用金钱这种肮脏之物来衡量我的价值?我只想,有一位真正能读懂我的人,用自己干净的心,去解开珍藏在我身上百年的艺术奥秘。而不是在富丽堂皇的的大厅里,被当作一件珍品,被人们观赏。我不喜欢这样,我厌恶世俗的眼光。我只想有一个人,把我当做知心朋友,去明白我的内心,仅此而已。为什么会是这样?愤怒,绝望,我在心底哭泣。如果时光可以倒流,我想回到那荷下污泥中去,安安静静过完一生,再也不愿被世人发现。
我挣扎着,逃出华丽的收藏架,重重地在地上摔成一堆洁白的碎片。如果要在世俗的眼光下苟活,我宁愿粉身碎骨。
为什么没有人能真正读懂我的内心?我渴望有人能读懂我,我只是渴望能被读懂。若轮回千年,我还是一只瓷瓶,我会等,等到那个真正明白我的人出现,用双手捧着我,细心呵护……
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