800多年前,海上丝绸之路开通。她,便成为东西方之间往来贸易的重要货物,被运抵西方。她,便是中国的象征——瓷器。
瓷器的历史可追溯至汉代。那时,陶器的烧造技艺已经相当成熟,工匠们就试着把他们平常见到的一种白色泥土——高岭土混入陶土之中,烧造陶器。“无心插柳柳成荫”比先前的陶器更光滑的器皿产生了,由于此次烧制的所谓“瓷器”只是大概相同,并未达到标准瓷器烧制的温度和标准瓷器应具有的更高的光滑度,故名:“原始青瓷”。
到了唐代,真正具有标准瓷器特征的瓷器产生了。换句话说,也就是唐代产生了真正成熟的瓷。其中有一种极其珍贵的瓷器,叫秘色瓷。秘色瓷的颜色白中泛青,如“秘草”般凝滑如脂。光滑程度更是以汉代的原始青瓷不可同日而语。因此,这种秘色瓷因其诸多的优点,被选为武则天时期的皇家专用器。
过了五代,便至宋代,宋代的瓷器比唐代的瓷器又有了许多发展创新之处,其中最著名的汝、钧、官、定等五大窑口产的瓷器已是妇孺皆知。这五大窑口中的钧窑更是价值连城,让我们先从它讲起吧。
钧瓷以名贵而著称,当时的民间甚至流传有:“纵有家产万贯,不如钧瓷一件”之谚语。为什么会这样呢?原来,钧瓷的特点正是它那在出窑时形成的均匀的网格状的裂纹,而这也恰恰造成了它的稀少,因为不少的瓷都会在出窑裂纹时碎掉或裂得不均匀,因此,一千件瓷器只有一件才能完整出窑,稀少,也造成了昂贵,汝、官、定、哥四窑同样如此。
“元至元年间, ‘鬼谷子下山’将军罐2亿!”没错,您现在听到的是元青花拍卖时的录音。这种青花瓷同样以珍贵而著称,目前在元朝90多年的统治中仅发现了不到一百件。它是早期青花的代表,颜色深蓝富有变化,光滑程度如小儿肌肤,十分完美。代表了元代瓷器的最高水平。
元过后,便是明。明青花和明成化斗彩鸡缸杯堪称明代瓷器的两朵奇葩。在制作流程,工艺水平上绝不输于元代瓷器,甚至比它还略胜一筹,现在就让我们来了解它们吧!
明青花以宣德、永乐产为最,因为当时郑和下西洋,带回来许多国外的货品。颜料——“苏麻离青”便是其中之一,此原料色极浓艳,烧成后会呈现宝石般的.蓝色,甚至偶尔还会晕开,很像在宣纸上画水墨的感觉,永乐、宣德年间的青花达到了极致。
而成化斗彩鸡缸杯的美丽之处恰恰在于它的一丝不苟。肉眼观察下,鸡的每一根羽毛都清晰可见,而且它居然做到了釉下勾线,釉上填色。何况这是八厘米的小杯!所以,此种杯子的价格是以千万计算的。在2008年的香港佳士得拍卖上,一对此种杯子竟拍出两亿的高价!
明过后,便为清。公元1661年正月初八,一位孩子登上了太和殿的宝座。此后,他在这个位置坐了61年。他,就是——康熙大帝。在他在位时,他打破了明以来的“闭关锁国”政策,实行“四口通商”,大大促进了东西方的交流。广彩,便是这次交流的产物。
广彩部分以金线勾碗边,因是外销瓷,图案就依照外国人给的订单上的图案画。到了鼎盛时期,广彩颜色愈发浓艳,画工愈为纯熟。甚至出现了专门进口广彩的公司——英(荷)东印度公司,可以说,广彩是中西结合瓷器的典范。
从汉至清,从原始青瓷到五大窑再到广彩。中国与瓷器,已不仅仅是象征关系,更是一个不可分割的整体,一段传奇的史话。
(1 模版1
Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
(2模版2
In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.
The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
(3模版3
Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
Everyone may encounter a scene when he or she wonders what the meaning and purpose of life is. Answers to this question vary from person to person. As for me, I agree with the view that the meaning of life is to discover your gift and the purpose of life is to make the best of it.
On one hand, one's gift could be the source of his inner happiness, providing spiritual impetus and correct orientation. Take the world-renowned Chinese pianist Lang Lang as an example. His gift was noticed before he was 3 years old, which laid the foundation of his glorious life. On the other hand, proper use of talent helps people to realize their value in a positive way, thus making contribution to the society as a whole. For instance, Isaac Newton made a universally amazing discovery by digging into his gift and finding the Newton's law of gravitation.
In conclusion, let's search for our true gift and utilize it to the fullest to achieve a happy and valuable life.
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.