同一个材料可从不同的角度引申事理,要在一般人的思路共集处的基础上,引申一步,提出更新更深的观点。如2010年高考语文上海卷作文材料是“丹麦人钓鱼”的故事和孟子关于捕鱼的论述,素材表达的核心思想是“可持续发展”。材料中的“鱼”可以是自然资源的借代,也可以是一切资源的借喻。那么,可持续的就不仅仅是自然界,还可以是人类自身,是孩子,是自我,是社会,甚至世界本身。材料中的丹麦人、孟子,尺子、渔网,小鱼、大鱼都可以成为构思角度。若从小鱼的角度构思,对渔网和人们心目中的尺寸做反思,呼吁给予它们成长的空间,以便发展、壮大,引申开来可以谈青少年的成长,呼吁给予青少年成长更宽松、自由的空间,谈创新产品的孵化,谈新型文化的命运等,更容易给人以启迪。再如2010年高考语文广东卷作文“与你为邻”,“你”,可以是身边的朋友、同学、同事、领导、孩子、同龄人、长辈等;可以是非身边的,历史上的、社会生活中与自己有一定距离的、文学艺术中的、未来时空中的人物,如苏轼、李清照、洪战辉、丛飞、保尔、林黛玉、甚至是火星人等等;还可以是一种主义、一种信仰、一种理想、一种信念、一种关系、一种意识等。可以从“与你为邻,让我学会了如何做事;与你为邻,让我懂得了如何做人”“与你为邻,说出真话。与你为邻,给出善意。与你为邻,找出美感”“寻找真邻;寻找善邻;寻找美邻”等方面立意。通过事理,做进一步联想,并引申发生开去、会从文题中提炼出好的观点。
英语作文(2观点论述类
People from differentbackgrounds would put different interpretations on the samecase.
不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towardsthe issue.
这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...
说到______,有人认为________,而另一些人则认为__________。
Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It isquite understandable that views on this issue vary from person toperson.
俗话说,""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。
To this issue, different people come up with variousattitudes.
对于这个问题,不同的人持不同的观点。
There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goeswithout saying that...
万事万物都有其两面性,所以,勿庸置疑,____________。
When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but otherpeople regard ...as ....
提到_________问题,很多人认为_________,不过,一些人则认为______是____.When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., butother people think as...
提到_________问题,仅少数人认为________,但另一些人则认为_________。
There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of ....There who criticize ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,butpeople who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...
目前,_______问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为_______,他们认为_______,不过,另一方面,赞同_______的人则认为_________。
Some people are of the opinion that..
有些人认为_____________。
Many people claim that...
很多人认为_____________。
A majority of 绝大多数
A large number of 很多人
Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages(disadvantages
有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处。
Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of thecities.
觉得_____的人认为,______ 城市的经济发展。
Some people advocate that ....
有些人在坚持认为_________。
They hold that ... 他们认为_________。
People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons(grounds
坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据。
Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing highpraise of it.
那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。
Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.
强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。
Many people would claim that...
有人会认为___________。
People who support ... give some or all of the followingreasons.
那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因:________。
But others hold the view that ...但是,另外一些人则认为_______。
观点的用词:Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组:Take, have, come up with,setforth, put forward等。
But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people whostrongly advocate that..,.不过,另一方面,也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。
But people who are ..., on the other hand , maintain that...
不过,另一方面,________的人认为__________。
However, there are a large number of people who hold a differentview concerning this case.然而,很多人对此有不同的看法。
问题用词:Issue, phenomenon,后接介词, on, over等。
However, some others argue that... 然而,另一些人则认为_________。
However, there are also some others who contend that...
然而,也有人认为__________。
But other people set forth completely totally different argumentconcerning this case.不过,对于此,另一些人则持完全不同的观点。
Some people examine this issue from another angle.
有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly...
另一方面,也有很多反对的人,他们认为_____________。
According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ...rather than...
根据我的.个性以及兴趣,我选择_______而不会选择__________。
Personally, I side with the latter (former opinion...
就我个人而言,我支持后者(前者___________。
Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.
就我个人而言,我较同意前一种看法。
To my point of view 我认为
To my mind, the advantages far overweigh thedrawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings我认为,优点胜过缺点。
For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that..
就我而言,我较赞同后一种观点________________。
As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of thelatter view.
在我看来,我较同意后一种观点。
After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of thelatter view that...
经过深思熟虑,我较支持后一种看法,亦即________________________。
If asked to make a decision, I would prefer...
如果真的需要作出选择,我宁愿____________。
展现问题篇
问题的常用词:question, problem, issue
Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into publicfocus.
近来,_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities andinnovations, and great changes
have taken place in people’sattitude towards some traditional practice.
现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代,很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。
Recently the issue of whether or not ... has been in thelimelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.
近来,是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。
The issue whether it is good or not to .... has aroused a heateddiscussion all over the country.______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。
At present, some people think ....while others claim ...Bothsides have their merits.
目前,一些人认为_______而另一些人则认为_______。其实,两种观点都其可取之处。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversialissue.
对于这种极具争议的话题,我们很难作出绝对的回答。
People from different backgrounds would put differentinterpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towardsthe issue.
这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...
说到______,有人认为________,而另一些人则认为__________。
Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It isquite understandable that views on this issue vary from person toperson.
俗话说,""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。
To this issue, different people come up with variousattitudes.
对于这个问题,不同的人持不同的观点。
There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goeswithout saying that...
万事万物都有其两面性,所以,勿庸置疑,____________。
When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but otherpeople regard ...as ....
提到_________问题,很多人认为_________,不过,一些人则认为______是____.When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., butother people think as...
提到_________问题,仅少数人认为________,但另一些人则认为_________。
There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of ....There who criticize ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,butpeople who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...
目前,_______问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为_______,他们认为_______,不过,另一方面,赞同_______的人则认为_________。
Some people are of the opinion that..
有些人认为_____________。
Many people claim that...
很多人认为_____________。
A majority of 绝大多数
A large number of 很多人
Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages(disadvantages
有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处。
Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of thecities.
觉得_____的人认为,______ 城市的经济发展。
Some people advocate that ....
有些人在坚持认为_________。
They hold that ... 他们认为_________。
People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons(grounds
坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据。
Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing highpraise of it.
那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。
Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.
强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。
Many people would claim that...
有人会认为___________。
People who support ... give some or all of the followingreasons.
那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因:________。
But others hold the view that ...但是,另外一些人则认为_______。
观点的用词:Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组:Take, have, come up with,setforth, put forward等。
But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people whostrongly advocate that..,.不过,另一方面,也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。
But people who are ..., on the other hand , maintain that...
不过,另一方面,________的人认为__________。
However, there are a large number of people who hold a differentview concerning this case.然而,很多人对此有不同的看法。
问题用词:Issue, phenomenon,后接介词, on, over等。
However, some others argue that... 然而,另一些人则认为_________。
However, there are also some others who contend that...
然而,也有人认为__________。
But other people set forth completely totally different argumentconcerning this case.不过,对于此,另一些人则持完全不同的观点。
Some people examine this issue from another angle.
有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly...
另一方面,也有很多反对的人,他们认为_____________。
According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ...rather than...
根据我的个性以及兴趣,我选择_______而不会选择__________。
Personally, I side with the latter (former opinion...
就我个人而言,我支持后者(前者___________。
Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.
就我个人而言,我较同意前一种看法。
To my point of view 我认为
To my mind, the advantages far overweigh thedrawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings我认为,优点胜过缺点。
For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that..
就我而言,我较赞同后一种观点________________。
As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of thelatter view.
在我看来,我较同意后一种观点。 After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of thelatter view that... 经过深思熟虑,我较支持后一种看法,亦即________________________。 If asked to make a decision, I would prefer... 如果真的需要作出选择,我宁愿____________。
思想政治课中的“观点”也是议论文中的“论点”(是什么),在形式上是完整的句子,是编者意思的完整表达。比如“生活处处有合作”,就是九年级《思想品德》中的一个框题的论点。一段教材一般只有一个中心论点,框题以下的'标题,一般就是文章的分论点。在授课中,老师只有让学生准确把握教材的观点,才能了解教材提出的见解和所要解决的问题。为加深他们对框题、标题的理解和把握,老师可以通过划分句子成份、朗读等方法帮助教学。
思想政治课中的材料与观点是通过论证组织起来的(怎么办)。思想政治教材中的论证一般采用事实论证和道理论证的方法。教材一般在举出事例之后,便对事例进行分析,由此把教材的观点和事例有机地结合起来,完成论证的任务。由于思想政治课中的论证方法一般比较固定,学生对于事实论证和道理论证的方法是比较容易理解的。教学的侧重点应是帮助学生如何找出观点和材料的连接点,这一“点”恰恰是教学的难点、重点。
总之,思想政治课教学方法很多,用议论文阅读法帮助教学,从观点、材料、论证等方面入手,帮助学生提高阅读理解能力,教学效果要好些。
随着新课改力度的加大,思想政治课的教学难度也加大,不少学生不会读教材,看不懂问题的现象很是普遍。理解能力较差的学生很难学好思想品德课,事实上“他山之石,可以攻玉”,思想政治课教材的内容,它也具有议论文的论点、论据、论证等要素,一般也是提出问题(是什么)、分析问题(为什么)、解决问题(怎么办),那老师在思想政治课教学中如何运用议论文阅读法呢?
事物的存在往往有两面甚至多面性,应把这些面都挖掘出来,去粗取精,把握其精髓,让自己的思辨充满着智慧的光辉。不能停留在事物的表面打转,要学会从不同的角度对事理进行剖析和挖掘。如2010年高考语文天津卷作文“我生活的世界”,考生可以从自己熟悉的世界出发,写观察到的世界,体味到的人间真情,领悟到的人生真谛,展示出审美情趣和思想个性。考生可以鸟瞰波澜壮阔的时代,也可以聚焦身边的凡人小事;可以写物质世界的丰富,也可以写精神文明的进步;可以写国家的发展、家乡的变迁,也可以写亲人的温暖、校园的苦乐;可以写实实在在的人生,也可以写虚拟的网络世界;可以写世界对我的影响,也可以写我对世界的责任……大处着眼,可以写得深刻开阔;小处落笔,可以写得细腻感人。再如,2010年高考语文北京卷作文“仰望星空与脚踏实地”,这里的“星空”不是实指,而是虚指,它可以是未来和理想,也可以是愿望与憧憬;“脚踏实地”是要从脚下做起,踏实认真地做好每一件事情,包括学习、生活、工作等。这个题目可以看作“理想与现实”。
一个善于表达的人,会更容易突出自己;一个懂得倾听的人,会更好地让身边的人记住自己。所以生活中,应该懂得学会何时表达自己,何时认真倾听。
社交场合需要有人主动发言,来寻找合适的话题与他人沟通,以此活跃气氛,但是如果人人都抢着表达自己的想法,那么场面不仅混乱而且聒噪,完全达不到应有的效果。这个时候就需要有人安静的倾听,并从心里对表达者的内容进行总结分析,如此一来,谈话才会有意义。相反,如果所有人都想做倾听者,那么整个场面则会尴尬且无趣,就失去了应有社交的价值。
那么,到底该什么时候去表达,又该什么时候认真倾听呢?这主要取决于你对谈话的`内容是否熟悉。如果是自己认知范围之内的话题,我们可以适当地表达自己的看法,提出有价值的问题和建议;如果话题超出了我们已有的认知,或者是自己不太熟悉的内容,那么不妨先了解一下别人的想法,在倾听中学习知识经验。
表达是一种能力,倾听则是一种修养。也许有些时候我们会遇到一些爱表现的人,他们可能并不觉得自己哪里做的不合适,只是喜欢一味的滔滔不绝,表达自己的观点;更有甚者本就对谈话主题把握不准,却依旧口若悬河,丝毫没有感觉到自己在表达上有欠妥当的地方,这个时候,倾听可能会让我们感觉不适,不过我们还是应该先听他把话说完,这是最起码的尊重和礼貌。当然,在谈话中,如果我们作为表达者,理应做到适可而止,不要给对方不适的感觉,这是最基本的社交礼仪。
学会何时表达自己,何时安静倾听的同时,还要懂得如何正确表达,如何有效倾听,这就是语言的艺术,更是沟通的技巧。
一、何为“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”。
很多雅思写作考题的提问方式都是“Do you agree or disagree?”或者“To what extent do you agree or disagree?”。很多刚刚接触雅思的学生甚至是老师认为对于这种提问方式无非就是yes或no两种答案,所以文章的观点也就只能是同意或者不同意了。其实,对于这类提问,也可以采用“折衷”的观点,即“partly agree,partly disagree”(部分同意,部分不同意)。但是前提是一定要在文章中从支持和反对的两方面都阐述一些理由,而且最好再提出一种“折衷”方案。例如,考题问“现在很多人用动物做试验,你同意吗?”,考生可以在文中分别讨论支持和反对动物试验的理由,最后提出动物试验既有好处也有坏处,这就是一种“折衷”观点。除此之外,作者还提出了是否能用动物来做试验主要是取决于试验是否能给人类生活带来显著的改善(比如帮助人类发明治疗Aids的药物),这就属于“折衷”方案。
二、“折衷观点”和“折衷方案”的几种形式。
那么如何提出“折衷观点”呢?“折衷方案”又有哪几种形式呢?下面笔者将对常见的几种安排折衷观点和折衷方案的'形式,结合相应的考题进行总结。
(1) 兴利除弊
“兴利除弊”应该是一种比较简单的折衷方案,在优缺点类文章中特别常用。即在分析完考题所涉及事物的优缺点之后,在结尾段提出“优缺点都有,我们要兴利除弊”这样的折衷方案。例如以下考题:
The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will outweigh the disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
在讨论完英语作为全球性语言的利与弊之后,结尾段可以这样提出折衷观点:
To sum up, it is difficult to tell whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages regarding the spread of English as a global language. What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend as positive while at the same time staying away from its drawbacks.
(2) 平衡发展
很多考题需要考生讨论两种观点,通常会有“discuss both views and give your own opinion”这样的提问要求。很多情况下,文中说到的两种观点表面上看来是完全相反,但其实并不矛盾,可以用“平衡发展”的思路来提出观点。例如考题:
Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.
在讨论完发展旅游的必要性和保护文化传统的重要性之后,结尾段可以这样提出折衷方案:
We should find the right balance between tourism development and cultural protection and I believe the government has a very important role to play here. In my own country, for example, many tourist cities have made effective development plans to successfully attract large numbers of visitors while still preserving their distinct cultural traditions.
(3) 取决于……
有时在讨论完A和B两种观点以后,可以提出类似于“同意A还是B要取决于……”这样的折衷观点,前文讲到的动物试验是否可以进行取决于试验的性质就是属于这样的方案。再比如下面这个例子:
Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets; others think that animals are sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?
在讨论完动物当宠物养的理由和动物当食物吃的理由之后,结尾段可以这样提出观点:
From my point of view, there is no absolute answer as to whether animals should be treated like pets or as sources of food and clothes. It largely depends on what kinds of animals they are. But what remains undoubted is that we should treat animals with a humane attitude and bear in mind that they are important in preserving nature’s ecological equilibrium.
(4) 解决方法
很多双边讨论型文章中所讨论的两种观点其实是可以通过某种方案来“化解矛盾”的,例如这道考题:
In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should wok in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work. Discuss and give your own opinion.
在讨论完“支边”的利(缩小城乡差距)与弊(年轻人丧失自由)之后,我们可以提出这样一种解决方案:
The best solution, therefore, is not to order, but to encourage. We should instill a sense of responsibility in young people and give more incentives to those who are willing to work in difficult areas, so that we can address the problem of urban-rural disparity while respecting whatever decisions new teachers or doctors have made.
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