纵观好莱坞的电影史,商业电影的制作一直主导着好莱坞的发展。其主要标志便是为了寻求利益的最大化,将整个电影产业的工业化。当作为消费艺术品的电影变成流水线上的工艺品时,就无可避免的会增强其作为商品的内在属性,好莱坞的电影导演和电影编剧们在进行创作时,所遵循的原则不过是投资者和制片人所期望的为了更加快速的消费与再生产。由此,艺术电影在好莱坞被边缘化,而商业电影则单一的类型化发展。尽管电影的技术手段一日千里的变换,各种电影流派、思潮、表现手法层出不穷,但戏剧或者借鉴戏剧结构的类型电影一直是好莱坞电影生产的主流。
在一百多年间,好莱坞电影只有在上世纪50年代受到过欧洲艺术电影的影响。但在60年代末便迅速回潮,本土电影重回主流。究其原因,其一是诸如意大利的新现实主义、法国的左岸派等等欧洲的艺术电影并不适合北美观众的观影习惯,其二则是好莱坞的电影人在艺术电影方面达不到欧洲电影的高度,而最重要的一点是,艺术电影在商业电影的最重要的阵地根本就没有生存的土壤。在70、80年代的压抑积蓄之后,好莱坞电影终于在90年代强势回归,一大批优秀电影井喷似的出现,如沉默的羔羊、辛德勒的名单、阿甘正传、泰坦尼克号等等,其中阿甘正传以不到六千万美元的制作,狂揽近七亿美元的票房,并一举夺得当年奥斯卡最佳影片、最佳导演等六项大奖,取得了票房和口碑的巨大成功。
影片中的阿甘一生只爱过两个女人,一个是他的妈妈,另一个是他从小的好友珍妮。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
人生就一盒巧克力,结果往往出人意料。
第一次看时,单纯的我认为这是一个低智商的人在讲近似半个人生的介绍,里面就有点兄弟情、夫妻情而已吗?可当我仔细理解这句话以后,再看一遍时,我开始感受深刻,令我既高兴又为阿甘而悲伤。
开始时一根羽毛飘飘然的落下,随即又一次被风吹起来,让羽毛多次飘起而又落下,经风一波三折之后落在了主人翁的身边,主人翁从地上拾起,放进了画册,这时来了一位女士随意靠椅而坐,阿甘单纯的,执着的,为他椅子旁的人讲述着自己的人生。
虽然,中途换了好几个人挨他而坐,但他的故事并未停止,从一个智商低进入正常学校,一个半残疾到跑得飞一般的时候,从小学一直到大学,从橄榄球星到乒乓球星,从一穷二白到亿万富翁,再掉钓一只虾到一船虾,不能不说里面带有运气的成分,但改变他的除了运气,便是他的好友、亲人的帮助,连他亿万身价都是和好友共同奋斗的。
所以,我又从那句开始分析,上帝是仁慈的,当你在吃甜的时,上帝让你的下一颗是苦的,苦吃久了,上帝就会再给你一块甜的,甜吃多了,苦吃多了,人生就出现了酸甜苦辣咸的一个人生。
你看到别人品味香甜时的美好,却不知别人背后嚼着苦巧克力的那份坚持,所以别说上帝偏心,别人提高时你不动,别人下降时你也不往上升,两者永远都是相等的,只是分布在不同的时间而已,你多吃一次苦,那在你人生的那枚巧克力荡出的回香会更加浸润你的生命!
在剧结尾时不同的地方,不同的时间,同一个人,这根羽毛带着他的希望飘向远方。
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