The Role of Mobile Phone in People's Communication
The popularity of smartphones has exerted great influence on the way people communicate, so much so that an increasing number of individuals contend that face-to-face communication is being replaced by texts and images on the mobile phone.
There are more than one angle to consider this phenomenon. On one hand, it is pleasantly acknowledged that smartphones shorten the distance between families and friends. Even people from different sides of the globe can share pictures, feelings and thoughts through various types of apps on the phone, thus building a long-distance connection. On the other hand, as the picture warns us, too much smartphone addiction interferes with people's real-life communication. Statistics show that over 70 percent of face-to-face communication consists of facial expressions and body language, which is why people should stay away from mobile phones when they have the chance to actually talk and communicate with others.
In a word, mobile phones act as an appropriate platform where people can always stay in tough however long the distance is, but a wise man should know when to put down his phone.
所谓说明文,就是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识文章,它通过对实体事物 解说,或对抽象整理阐释,使人们对事物形态、构造、性质、种类,成因、功能,关系或对事理概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识,从而获得有关知识。以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上相区别标志。
在各种文章样式中,说明文体是一种相对独立类别。在人们社会生活中,说明文越来超越显示出它重要作用和实用价值。现实生活充分表明,说明文不是一种无足轻重文章形式,而是运用范围极为广泛常用文体,它与人们生产、工作和生活关系相当密切,而且由于社会生活需要,说明文写作正在大量涌现。
说明文说举例 科学说明文和一般说明文一样,也是以“说明”为主要表达方式,以传授科学知识为根本任务,介绍事物,阐明事理,说明事物运动、变化、发展规律。因此,阅读此类文章,自然也应该抓住说明对象及其特征,看看它是如何来“说”。例如第六单元《奇妙克隆》一文,我们就不妨来个这样“三读”——
一读抓纲——整体把握说明点
说明文写作目就是要告诉读者某个事物或某个事物某方面知识。而作者传达这个知识,就是说明点,也就是说明文中心思想。那么怎样把握它呢?方法主要有三:
首先可抓住文章标题明确说明点。俗说“标题是文章眼睛”,说明文标题往往揭示了说明中心。先看总标题:《奇妙克隆》,可知是有关神奇克隆技术知识介绍,以揭开“克隆”秘密;再看内容,全文用了四个小标题:克隆是什么、克隆鲫鱼出世前后、克隆绵羊“多利”、克隆技术造福人类。你只要浏览一下课文小标题,就会对课文内容有个大体了解。
其次可抓住文章结构归纳说明点。一般说明文往往都会围绕一个主要问题或内容进行说明,而有说明文则需要我们把小说明点归纳起来,构成全文说明点。例如《奇妙克隆》采用是并列式结构,从不同侧面说明克隆,除了我们前面说抓小标题外(或者假如像有文章那样就没有小标题),我们也可以根据四部分内容结构把它归纳出来。即克隆含义、实验、发展与好处等。
另外可抓住说明顺序弄清说明点。事物事理本身是有其顺序,人们认识事物事理也有一定顺序,因此理清了文章顺序,也就有助于弄清说明中心。例如这篇课文主要是阐述事理,无疑采用是逻辑顺序:先写克隆含义,接着写克隆实验,再写克隆发展,最后写克隆对人类造福和对克隆思考。行文脉络十分清楚,说明事理步步推进,文章中心也就一目了然。
二读精析——细部研讨方法点
要想把事物事理说清说透,就肯定离不开说明方法。因此阅读说明文,就应当抓住主要说明方法,并搞清楚各种说明方法联系和作用,这样才能比较准确地把握说明内容和文章结构。我们不妨从以下两方面入手:
一是可以先从全文上提领各部分说明方法。不妨列出表格,以一览无余。
二是可以抓住重点段落,精要分析具体说明方法。例如:在“克隆是什么”一小节里,作者为了说明“克隆”,运用了三种说明方法:举例子、释义和引用。举例子:列举植物、动物界当中人们比较熟悉例子来说明,把艰深科学知识说得简明易懂;释义:对克隆一词进行溯源并作出解释;引用:引入《西游记》中孙悟空拔一把猴毛变出一大群猴子故事,生动形象地说明了“克隆”是怎么一回事,把科学技术写得富有趣味。
三读品味——捕捉咀嚼情感点
与其他文体一样,说明文中也同样“说”着作者情感态度,而这也正是我们理解课文所不可或缺。《奇妙克隆》是生物学家谈家桢写一篇科普文章。学习这篇课文,既要了解克隆这一科技成果,更要从中学习科学家在科学道路上锲而不舍、不断攀登精神,还要在此基础上,对科学这把“双刃剑”有一个初步认识。
为了说明什么是“克隆”,作者精心组织材料,把“克降是什么”“克隆技术发展脉络”“克隆羊多利诞生”“克隆技术如何造福人类”介绍得清清楚楚。但是作者又不限于一般性知识介绍,而是融入自己赞赏之情和严肃思考。具体地说,本文既向我们介绍了克隆科学知识,又展现了包括我国科学家在内“科学精神”,同时又引领读者全面地看待科学技术发展。阅读时,我们就要从课文中找出能表现科学家严谨、求实、锲而不舍态度与精神句子,加以体味。
例如:
(1)“用鲫鱼囊胚期细胞进行人工培养,经过385天59代连续传代培养后,用直径10微米左右玻璃管在显微镜下从培养细胞中吸出细胞核。”
(2)“在189个这种换核卵细胞中,只有两个孵化出了鱼苗,而最终只有一条幼鱼度过难关,经过80多天培养后长成8厘米长鲫鱼。”
(3)“……依靠高超外科手术从爪蟾蝌蚪肠上皮细胞、肝细胞、肾细胞中取出核,并把这些细胞核精确地放进已被紫外线破坏了细胞核卵细胞内。”
(4)“经几百次灰、黑、白这样操作以后,白色小鼠终于生下了三只小灰鼠。”
(5)“经过247次失败之后,他们在1996年7月得到了一只名为‘多利’克隆雌性小绵羊。”
(6)“……用极细吸管从卵细胞中取出核。……立即送入取走核‘苏格兰黑面羊’卵细胞中。……然后,将胚胎巧妙地植入另一只母羊子宫里。”
(7)“可以期待许多生物学家,特别是那些从事无性繁殖研究科学家,将会严肃地考虑它含意,并展开科学讨论,用以教育世界人民。”这些句子,无一不体现出神圣“科学精神”。
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。
说明文虽然是以说明为主要表达方式一类文种,但若没有其他表达方式(如叙述、议论、描写等恰当配合,则无法圆满地完成向读者介绍事物、解释事理任务;而从学习写作说明文角度讲,如果能确切了解表达方式综合运用在说明文中重要作用,注意准确使用叙述、议论等方式来辅助说明,说明文就能写得有声有色,文采斐然。(节选自《应用写作》杂志2000年第3期《说明文中表达方式综合运用》)
说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。
说明文一般介绍事物形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物原理、含义、特点、演变等。
文艺性说明文是通过文艺形式介绍科学知识说明文。
初中说明文阅读技巧 说明文主要考查考生从文中准确获取信息能力,设题主要围绕准确认读、准确理解、准确筛选来考虑。
考题常设置干扰性因素
(1增减扩缩,就是对原文句子加以改动,通过增加某些字或减少某些词语办法,扩大或缩小说明范围。
(2鱼目混珠,就是用似是而非词语或句子来替代正确,造成歧意。
(3颠三倒四,是指设置选项时,有意将原文句子关系打乱,造成理解难度,如颠倒因果关系,搅乱先后次序。
(4无中生有,就是利用考生思维惯性,诱考生用想当然代替清醒理性思考。
解题程序,有句顺口溜:“先读原文通大意,再读题干做标记,找出范围对应句,比较选项看差异。”
先读原文,完成3个任务:
(1了解文章大意,即说明对象,各段之间联系,作者见解及相关材料。
(2给段落标上序号。
(3给重要句子和关键词语做上记号。
其次,读题干很重要,要给重要词语做上标记。如1999年卷第1题,可做如下标记:“本文第一自然段提出了一种假说,对这种假说理解不正确一项是”3标记。第一处是命题点所在位置,第二处是试题考查内容,第三处是选择答案标准。
第三,找出答题范围和对应句是答题实质性阶段。一般来说,答案检索区间应在命题点附近,如第1题答案在第1段或第2段。找对应句更重要了,可以说找到了对应句子,就基本上找到了答案。比较选项找出差异是最后一步,即完成答题。如第1题B项说:“比起人类来,冬眠哺乳动物在更宽范围里发生了变化。”漏了“调节性”几个字,与文章原意不合。
说明文阅读题都是单项选择题,选择正确选项方法有三:直选法、排除法、类推法。
直选法,即直接选出正确答案。这种方法适用于一目了然题目,有答案自己一下子能够确定。也适用于“选非题”,如选出“不正确一项”、“不符合文意一项”。
排除法,可适用于一切类型选择题。它通过排除不合题目要求选项,将正确答案显露出来,提高答案准确性。用排除法要找准“第一知识点”,即首先要排除选项被排除依据,须具备2个特征:一是判断得最准确,二是最有价值,确定这个知识点后可排除较多选项。
类推法,适用于部分选择题。根据合理推断,迅速排除某些选项,或根据已知情况推断未知情况,迅速确定答案。
Long, long ago, there were two brothers, the one rich and the other poor. When Christmas Eve came, the poor one had not a bite in the house, either of meat or bread; so he went to his brother, and begged him, in God's name, to give him something for Christmas Day. It was by no means the first time that the brother had been forced to give something to him, and he was not better pleased at being asked now than he generally was.
"If you will do what I ask you, you shall have a whole ham," said he. The poor one immediately thanked him, and promised this.
"Well, here is the ham, and now you must go straight to Dead Man's Hall," said the rich brother, throwing the ham to him.
"Well, I will do what I have promised," said the other, and he took the ham and set off. He went on and on for the livelong day, and at nightfall he came to a place where there was a bright light.
"I have no doubt this is the place," thought the man with the ham.
An old man with a long white beard was standing in the outhouse, chopping Yule logs.
"Good-evening," said the man with the ham.
"Good-evening to you. Where are you going at this late hour?" said the man.
"I am going to Dead Man's Hall, if only I am on the right track," answered the poor man.
"Oh! yes, you are right enough, for it is here," said the old man. "When you get inside they will all want to buy your ham, for they don't get much meat to eat there; but you must not sell it unless you can get the hand-mill which stands behind the door for it. When you come out again I will teach you how to stop the hand-mill, which is useful for almost everything."
So the man with the ham thanked the other for his good advice, and rapped at the door.
(1 模版1
Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
(2模版2
In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.
The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
(3模版3
Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
Life has its ups and downs, and only true friends always stay around. Like anyone else, I have got many friends. They often help me when I’m in trouble. Especially, when I fail in an examination, they always care for me and encourage me to study harder. Last year, when I was hurt in a basketball game, my friends took me to the nearby hospital at once and look after me by turns. In my eyes, friends are the most precious wealth that one should treasure all his life.
“滚!”欧阳宇又重复了一遍,依抬起头,冷冷地看着他们,对着欧阳宇做了一个‘请’的动作。
‘天啊!她怎么比我还冷啊?’———宇
宇自然不知道依的意思:“什么?”“猪!”依骂了一句,又趴下去见周公了……“笨死了!”冰出来解释了“依的意思是她不知道怎么滚,请你示范一下。见过笨的就没见过你这么笨的!”。
‘有意思,呵呵!’———翔
‘还是第一次有人敢怎么跟我说话呢!’———宇
两个男生直接坐在了两个女生的旁边,也开始睡觉喽!
“不可能吧?宇王子既然没赶她们走!”
“我的天啊!这个世界都疯了吗?”
“宇哥哥,宇哥哥,你把她们赶走嘛!好不好嘛!”宫甜拉着宇的衣角,一直在撒娇。
“翔哥哥!你看她们欺负我和宫姐姐,你帮我们出口气好不好嘛?”孙莉莉那声音甜到人听了牙软,嗲得人都站不稳啦!(好夸张哦!
“都给我闭嘴,吵死人了!”两座冰山同时发话。
班上吹来一阵风,天啊!现在可是夏天,怎么这么冷嘞?
“还有你,别学我说话!”两位又不约而同地说了同一句话。
“切!无聊!”依飞了宇一个白眼,继续睡觉去了。
‘她刚刚说我无聊?我为什么会那么在意她呢?’———宇
‘事情好像跟有趣了呢!冷依冷漠,冷冰,你又是怎样的`的人呢?’———翔
宫甜和孙莉莉自然把这些看在眼里,连宇和翔都不理她们,又气又羞,捂住脸跑了出去。两人跑到学校的小树林里,对视了一眼,宫甜打了个电话:“喂!天狼,派五百人来,***了冷依和冷冰,死要见尸,活要见人!”宫甜恶狠狠地说。“是。”电话那头传来了一个令人感到恶心的声音。(嘻嘻!前面忘说了,其实安甜和孙莉莉也是黑道滴!是排名第十七的火烈帮的大帮主和二帮主。是以毒针出名,所以才会有第十七这个名次滴啦!
‘哼!冷依,宇只能是我的,你敢抢,那就等着死吧!’———宫甜
‘冷冰是吧?敢跟我抢翔哥哥,我让你死无全尸!’———孙莉莉
(呵呵,两位好像误会了,依和冰根本没有抢好吗?
待续
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