科斯以四个实例论证其观点的本质,并表明其普遍适用性。
甲对乙的侵害对乙来说是损失,但,如果不让甲侵害乙,同样会对甲造成损失。
如果甲胜诉,乙会找甲谈判,表示:如果甲放弃对乙的权利,乙会给甲补偿,而且补偿大于甲不放弃权利的收益。(乙对甲的补偿小于乙因此带来的.收益。这样,甲乙可以达成协议。
如果乙胜诉,甲会找甲谈判,表示:如果乙放弃对甲的权利,甲会给乙补偿,而且补偿大于乙不放弃权利的收益。(甲对乙的补偿小于甲因此带来的收益。同样,甲乙可以达成协议。
因此,无论如何,在交易成本为0的情况下,甲乙都会通过谈判实现产值、利润最大化,资源配置最优化。
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On Education of China” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures (2 interpret their meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon .You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]
The two pictures look so similar at one glance, but they are totally different. In the first picture, a peasant boy, carrying a heavy bundle of rice straw is out of breath under the great pressure. His hope is to have a school to attend. In the second picture, a student is on his way home from school, a heavy bag of books on his back. What he wishes is that he didn’t have to go to school any more. How can the two boys at the same age have such different ideas about attending school?
The two pictures show some problems in the present education system in China. In the poor countryside, especially in some western parts of China, the education is also poor. There are no buildings for classrooms, let alone good teachers. Children there cannot have regular education. They are sometimes forced to leave their studies because their families cannot afford the necessary fees. However, the situation is totally different in the cities. Almost all the children in the cities can have regular education. They can enjoy the bright classrooms and adequate facilities. But they have their own problems. What they face is the endless homework, which puts so much pressure on them that some students don’t want to continue their studies.
Given the problems above, our government has taken some measures. “The Hope Project” has been in operation to ensure that children in the poor areas can achieve education. Some strategies have also been put into force to reduce the pressure on the students. Teachers are asked not to give too much homework. Emphasis should be put on the improvement of the quality of the students. However, there is a long way to go in the improvement of our education conditions. The whole society should be mobilized to make some contributions to our education.
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On the Relationship between Environment and Economy” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures and interpret their meaning (2 give your opinion with some proof (3 give your conclusion.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]On the Relationship between Environment and Economy
The two pictures above are both about the relationship between the environment and the economic development. In the first picture, GDP is on the rise while the environment is drastically polluted. In the second picture, economic efficiency progresses with environmental protection. It’s easy to get the conclusion that development according to the second picture is more reasonable than that in the first one.
In the early development of socialism, our country didn’t pay much attention to the issue of environmental protection and savored the bitterness. Now, the government has taken many measures and is implementing the strategy of “sustainable development”. One aspect of the strategy is to develop the economy and take measures to protect the environment at the same time. In this way, we can develop our country in a sustainable manner and our offspring can have enough resources to develop society. If we don’t put much emphasis on the environment issue and excavate the natural resources blindly, our country will become a barren land sooner or later.
In a word, sustainable development is a reasonable strategy which should be implemented for a long time. The nature is providing us with plentiful resources generously, but it may punish us severely if we don’t care her.
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On the Relationship between Environment and Economy” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures and interpret their meaning (2 give your opinion with some proof (3 give your conclusion.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]On the Relationship between Environment and Economy
The two pictures above are both about the relationship between the environment and the economic development. In the first picture, GDP is on the rise while the environment is drastically polluted. In the second picture, economic efficiency progresses with environmental protection. It’s easy to get the conclusion that development according to the second picture is more reasonable than that in the first one.
In the early development of socialism, our country didn’t pay much attention to the issue of environmental protection and savored the bitterness. Now, the government has taken many measures and is implementing the strategy of “sustainable development”. One aspect of the strategy is to develop the economy and take measures to protect the environment at the same time. In this way, we can develop our country in a sustainable manner and our offspring can have enough resources to develop society. If we don’t put much emphasis on the environment issue and excavate the natural resources blindly, our country will become a barren land sooner or later.
In a word, sustainable development is a reasonable strategy which should be implemented for a long time. The nature is providing us with plentiful resources generously, but it may punish us severely if we don’t care her.
由农夫承担责任。农夫会付给养牛者l1作为补偿养牛者减少牛群数目的损失,而l1大于养牛者的损失l2,但小于农夫由此而获得的收益l3。
前提:交易成本为0。
*两种方式都导致一种结果:双方都盈利,双方都满意,产值、利润最大化,资源配置最优化。
研究问题的方法必须改变,要考虑总的效果:社会成本和社会利润。
斯蒂格勒概括的“科斯定理”:
1、如果交易成本为0,不管权利如何进行初始配置,当事人之间的谈判都会导致使这些财富最大化的安排。
2、交易成本不可能为0,不同的权利界定会带来不同效率的资源配置。
3、产权制度的供给是人们进行交易、优化资源配置的基础。
岁的刘丽,是个来自安徽的农村姑娘。因家境贫寒,岁的她便辍学,外出打工,挣钱为弟弟妹妹交学费、贴补家用。她辗转于湖北、江苏等地,做过服务员、保姆,如今已在足浴城干了十年“洗脚妹”。然而,为了“生计”打拼的她,却把辛苦攒下来的大部分积蓄,捐给了名贫困学生,自己却依然过着朴素的生活。这个平凡的打工妹,奉献的不仅是爱心,还有对下一代命运改变的期盼。刘丽的事迹传开后,被网友称为“中国最美的洗脚妹”。
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