1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
去年暑假,爸爸、妈妈带我来到了素有“三千奇峰,八百秀水”之美称湖南张家界“国家森林公园”。公园自然风光以峰称奇、以谷显幽、以林见秀,真是让人留恋忘返。
我们先步行来到金鞭溪景点,溪谷中的溪水清澈见底,在我身边缓缓的流淌着,空气沁人心脾,仿佛置身于世外桃源,享受着静谧。
突然,“嗷!嗷!”的叫声,“猴子,猴子”,引起游客的惊呼声,也把我拉回了现实。“猴子!”,我心里又惊又喜,激动地到处寻找那些古灵精怪的“孙大圣” ,这时导游警告我们:“这里有一段‘猴子林’路上有很多猴子树上攀爬。虽然特别可爱,但在猴子面前一定不要拿出食物,以免被抓伤,否则,要打狂犬疫苗。
虽然,导游说了不要拿零食喂猴子,但看它们窜上窜下,抓耳饶腮,瞪着一双萌萌的大眼睛,像是在祈求我给点吃得。我再也按捺不住啦,飞速从包里拿出零食,小心翼翼地一点一点扔给它们。一只小猴子立刻跳了过来,先用小爪子抓起来,拿到鼻子嗅了嗅,再用舌头舔了舔,哟,还挺聪明!发现是甜的,然后就大快朵颐地吃起来。周围的猴子看见了,也“蜂拥”而来。
正当我兴趣盎然,越喂越开心时,突然,一只母猴子像剑一样冲到我面前“唰”地一把把我的零食抢走,我来不及躲避,只觉得手一阵疼痛,我尖叫着扑倒爸爸身上,爸爸急忙问:“怎么啦?怎么啦?”,“我的手被猴子抓到了”我哭着说。爸爸、妈妈马上紧张起来,要真是被猴子抓到后果不堪设想,拉着我跑到游客医务中心,到了那里说发生的情况,医务人员仔细、反复地查看我的手,说不是猴子抓的,应该是装食物的袋子划伤的。我们全家都松了口气,真是虚惊一场!
夕阳西下时,张家界森林公园笼罩在一片和暖的落日中。深青色的树林处隐约传来群猴的嘶鸣与追逐声,那波“抢劫”的惊险一幕让我还心有余悸。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
我喜欢爬山,我去爬过很多山。近的有乌龙山、大慈岩,远的有黄山,张家界、三清山等等。而在我印象里最深刻的就是湖南的张家界。走进张家界,果然名不虚传,举目仰望,风景秀丽。只见松林盖顶,山峰险峻,云雾环绕,真是个人间仙境。
张家界以峰称奇,整个风景区,连绵着数以千计的大大小小,形状各异的山峰,张家界最刺激的山是天门山,天门山的索道也是世界最长的索道,而这也是让我最记忆犹新的,坐在索道上,脚踩玻璃地面,向下望去,万丈深渊,让人胆战心惊,放眼望去,奇形怪状的石峰高耸入云,真是太壮观,太美了。
来到山顶眺望云雾中若隐若现的山峰,实在是美不胜收。看那奇峰有的像阿娜多姿的.少女;有的像盛气凌人的大公鸡;有的像古灵精怪的猴子。我们被群峰包围着,好像置身于峰的海洋。俗话说“上山容易下山难”,下山的路很长而且非常陡峭,我小心翼翼地一步一个台阶走,路边长着很多奇怪的树,有的像蛇匍匐在前进;有的像老鹰 展 飞翔;有的像士兵在放哨。下山的路上不时还会蹦出一只只小猴子向游客索要食物,那机灵可爱的模样,逗人极了!下山的疲苦瞬时就被这些可爱的猴子击退了。
下了天门山,我们随后去了美丽的金鞭溪。金鞭溪足足有五公里长,它是一条自然形成的小溪河,溪水清澈见底,在溪水中,小鱼儿欢快地游着,似乎在欢迎着游人们的到来。漫步溪边,风光怡人,沿途树木郁郁葱葱,还能近距离看到各式各样的奇峰怪石,金鞭溪是一处美丽的世外桃源。
张家界是世界文化遗产之地,拥有名贵的植物和动物,它是大自然送给人类的一份礼物,我们要好好珍惜和保护它。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
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