(一)概念:
借代是用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物的修辞方式。这种修辞方式不直接说出要说的人或事物。
(二)借代的种类:
1、用事物特征代本体事物。例如:红眼睛原知道他家里只有一个老娘……
2、具体代抽象,例如:枪杆子里面出政权。
3、专名代泛称。例如:我们的时代需要千千万万个雷锋。
4、形象代本体。例如:上面尘着两个老爷,东边的一个是马褂,西边的一个是西装。
5、部分代整体。例如:吟罢低同元写处,月光如水照绍衣。
6、结果代原因,例如:专弄文墨为壮士捧腹。(“捧腹”是“笑”的结果)
7、资料代本体。例如:五十年间万事空,懒将白发对青铜。
(三)借代的作用:
1、以简代繁;2、以实代虚;3、以奇代凡;4、以事代情。
(四)运用借代需要注意。
必须抓住事物的最典型特征,对于所借代的事物一般应在一定的语言环境中有所交代。另外,借代的借体和本体事物不能同时出现。
(五)借喻与借代的相同点和不同点:
1、相同点:它们都用一事物代替另一事物,事物本体不出现。
2、不同点:借代的作用是“称代”,即直接把借体称为本体,其只代不喻;借喻的作用是“比喻”,虽然
也有代替的作用,但总是喻中有代。构成借代的基础是事物的相关性,即要求借体和本体的某些方面的相似。借喻可改为明喻或暗喻,而借代不能。
(一)概念:
比拟是把甲事物模拟作乙事物来写的修辞方式。包括把物当作人来写(拟人);把人当作物来写(拟物)和把此物当作彼物来写(拟物)几种形式。事实上,前一种形式是把事物“人化”,后两种形式则是把人“物化”或“把甲物乙物化”。
(二)种类:
1、拟人。例如:女人坐在小院当中,手指上缠绞着柔滑修长的苇眉子,苇眉子又薄又细,在她怀里跳跃着。
2、拟物。例如:指导员讲得真来劲儿.嘎子竖起耳朵听。
(三)比拟的作用:
1、色彩鲜明;2、描绘形象;3、表意丰富。
(四)运用比拟应注意事物本身的特征。
(五)比喻和比拟的不同点。
1、比拟是仿照“拟体”(被模拟的事物)的特征摸写本体,重点在拟;比喻是用喻体比方本体,重点在“喻”。
2、比拟中,本体和“拟体”彼此交融,浑然~体,本体必须出现,”拟体”一般不出现;比喻的本体和喻体一主一从,本体或现或不现,而喻体必须出现。)
为了加强语气,用疑问句的形式表示确定的意屋常用肯定形式表示否定,用否定形式表示肯定。例如: 就说蒋筑英吧.已经经过了这样长久的考验,跑他入党的志愿,也一定要等到死后才能由省委的追认满足么?(用肯定的形式表示否定)
我呢,我难道没有应该责备的地方吗?(用否定式表示肯定的意思。)
反问与设问的区别:
1、设问不表示肯定什么或否定什么;反问则明砌表示肯定和否定的内容。
2、反问的作用主要是加强语气,设问的作用主要是提出问题,引起注意,启发思考。
The Lord and the Hermit
Once upon a time there was a rapacious lord. He was relentless to his tenants and quelled them by placing quotas to their living condition. Soon he collected quantitatively great revenue and lived in a radiate palace. He was also renowned for his queer clothes.
One day the lord’s disease relapsed, so he rallied his subordinates for help. One of them said: “I’ve heard of a recluse who knows regimen well residing nearby. Why not visit his residence for help?” Another retorted: “Be prudent, maybe it is only a rumor.” But the rash lord was filled with rapture and ratified the visiting plan.??
On the next Sunday, the lord purged himself, held a quaint rite and started for the hermit’s home. They passed rugged rustic passages full of paddles and the lord almost recoiled. Finally they arrived. The lord felt disappointed at the recluse’s reception, but he wouldn’t relinquish the chance and talked to the hermit with reverence.
The hermit ruminated and reverted to the main topic in a pungent voice: “I’ve heard lots of your ravenous deeds. You retract the land you’ve distributed to the farmers and order them to redeem their land. You must redress your guilt and rehabilitate their freedom. Reimburse their respective debts and build refuge for them. You can retain the residue of your property.”??
The lord was reluctant to renounce his wealth and be rent from his palace. He rebuked: “Your advice is too reckless. I’m resolute not to accept it.”
“Why so repulsive? You cannot repudiate my words.” The hermit reiterated his suggestion and its resonance echoed. “Remit their taxes with rebates, or a riot is imminent.”
The lord again refuted. At last he went back in remorse.
One of the most crucial reasons for my view is that we could (canhave more opportunities to realize our dreams in the process of moving between places. As a young man(young men, we are all eager for success. However the road to (approach towardsuccess is so hard that we have to make great efforts. We must possess many aspects, including(去掉 outstanding intelligence, excellent education, rich experience and certainly good luck, most of which are acquired only by insistently pursuing, besides (andstudiously striving in different cities(if necessary. I can take one of my friends for instance. In order (toreceive the best education, after graduating from the senior school, he left his hometown to a remote city, BEIJING. But four years later, to looking for a better job, he left BEIJING and come to SHENZHEN, a beautiful city in his dream. Now his new goal is to enter American B-School to acquire (ofmore advanced knowledge in financing. We can see, in just about ten years, he has moves three times, and what is more(more importantly, this moving sill continue. Actually, in contemporary society more and more people are as this(act like him .
Another essential fact why (reason whyI hold my view is that we can enjoy a more rich and colorful (richer and more colorfullife, as we change places we live in. For my part, enjoying life is as important as, if not more important than, devoting work(hard working. It is a pleasing thing in the holiday to visit beautiful sceneries in different places. My friends mentioned in the last paragraph(before, has visited the snow scene in the north, and the widely (widesea in the south.
Admittedly, we cannot neglect the virtues (ofspending the entire life in one place. People can attained (attainthe feeling of family to their community, and the relationships between people are closer. Nevertheless moving between cities perhaps is more attractive to young persons than staying in one place thorough their lives.
From all the reasons mentioned above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that if it is possible, I would move a number of times throughout my lives to look for the best job, house or climate I am eager for.
(一)概念:
比喻就是“打比方”。即两种不同性质的事物,彼此有恰似点,便用一事物来比方另一事物的一种修辞格。
(二)结构:
比喻的结构,一般由三部分组成,即本体(被比喻的事物)、喻体(作比喻的事物)和比喻词(比喻关系的标志性词语)组成。
(三)构成比喻必须具备的条件:
1、甲和乙必须是本质不同的事物,否则不能构成比喻。一个句于是不是比喻,不能单看有没有喻词,下列几处情况,虽有喻词,但不是比喻。
①同类相比。例如:她的性格很像母亲。
②表示猜度。例如:这天黑沉沉的,好像要下雨了。
③表示想象。例如:每当看到这条红领中,我就仿砖置身于天真灿漫的少年时儿。
④表示举例的引词。例如:社会主义的中国,在党的阳光照耀下,涌现出许多英雄人物,像雷锋、焦裕禄等。
2、甲乙之间必须有恰似点。
(四)比喻的种类
1、明喻。本体喻体都出现,中间用比喻词“像、似、仿佛、犹如”等联结,有时后面还有“似的”、“一样”等词配合。明喻的典型形式是:甲像乙。例如:
叶子出水限高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。
2、暗喻。本体喻征都出现,中间用喻词·,”是、成了、变成”等联结,有时暗喻不用喻词。暗喻的典型形式为:甲是乙。
例如:更多的时候,乌云四合,层峦叠蟑。
除此暗喻还有许多变体值得注意:
①本体和喻体是并歹、关系。例如:从喷泉里喷出来洋,(“花”修饰“海洋”)
②本体和喻体是注释关系。例如:我爱北京——祖国的心脏。
3、借喻。不出现本体,直接叙述喻体。借喻的典型形式为甲代乙。例如:
独有英雄驱虎豹,更元豪杰怕熊罴
4、博喻。连用几个比喻共说明一个本体。例如:
这种下笔以前的修改是最要紧不过的了,正如盖房子首先要打好图样,作战首先要订好计划一样。
(五)比喻的作用
1、化平淡为生动;
2、化深奥为浅显;
3、化抽象为具体;
4、化冗长为简洁。
(一)概念:
排比是由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似、内容相关、证据一致的短语或句子排列在一起,用来加强语势强调内容,加重感情的修辞方式。
(二)排比和种类:
1、成分排比 即一个句子中的一些成分组成排比。例如:
延安的歌声 它是黑夜的火把,雪天的煤炭,大旱的甘霖。
2、分句排比 即一个复句的各个分句构成排比。例如:
他们的品质是那样的清洁和高尚,他们的意志是那样的坚韧和刚强,他们的气质是那样的淳朴和谦逊,他们的胸怀是那样的美丽和宽广。
3、单句排比 例如:
八路军穿草鞋,把日本鬼子赶下海。解放军穿草鞋,把蒋家王朝踢下台。如今八连穿草鞋,把香风毒雾肢下踩。
4、复句排比。例如:
如果我们能够研制出一种类似 鹰眼的搜索、观测技术系统,就能够扩大飞行员的视野,提高他们的视敏度。如果能研制出具有鹰眼视觉原理的“电子鹰眼”,就有可能用于控制远程激光制导武器的发射。如果能给导弹装上小巧的“鹰眼系统”,那么它就可以象雄鹰一样,自动寻找、识别、追踪目标,做到百发百中。
(三)排比的作用:
1、内容集中,增强气势;2、叙事透辟,条分缕析;3、节奏鲜明,长于抒情。
(四)排比与对偶的区别:
1、对称性与平列式。对偶是二个语言单位,而排比是三个以上语言单位。对偶必须对称。排比要求结构大体相似,字数要求不甚严格。
2、排比经常以同一词语作为彼此的揭示语,使排体互相衔接、给人以紧凑、密集之感。而典型的对偶句上下两联是不重字的。
3、对偶以要求平仄对仗为佳,排比则无此要求。
按图表写,首先要读懂图表,理解其包含的信息。为此目的,应注意三点:第一是读懂标题,明白图表的目的;第二是研究图表主题,理解各项内容及其之间的联系;第三是注意图表的说明或图例,以免误解。总之,对图表的研究要仔细,理解和判断要准确,不能草率做出决定,以免在文章内容方面丢分。
读懂图表之后,立即思考文章应表达的内容。这里,我们应该明白两个制约因素:其一是作文写作时间只有二十多分钟,不可能长篇大论;其二是图表内容繁多,不可能一一说明,也不能写成枯燥无味的\'流水账。考虑取舍时,应注意总的趋势,概貌,相互关系,典型的例子或数据,抓住这些之后,其他的内容实际上也包含在其中,不必再提及。
文章的写法没有固定的模式,但因题材的限制,变化太大也不可能。第一段必须说明图表的性质与目的,没有这一点,文章的主题难以突出。自然段的划分以清楚明了为原则,例如第一段谈图表的目的,其余自然段应当以所谈要点划分,最后一段可谈自己的理解和看法(也可不谈。写作时的关键是每个要点谈完后,应给出例证,把该说地说完,然后再进入下一要点,不能不顾文章条理,把想到的内容随便乱放。
再语言方式上,要注意句式的变化,尽量避免反复使用某一句型。再并列情况较多时,设法采用连结词或关系词将领岁的内容串在一起,为文章的主题服务。全文的思路可以用主题句,自然段,逻辑词等手法表明,使读者感到作者的思路清晰,感到全文是个有机的整体。遇到众多雷同的词汇短语时,能变化的尽量变化,无力变化时可用句式变化弥补。
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