朋友胜金钱。
2 Верному ругу цены нет.
忠实的朋友是无价之宝。
3 помогать ругу выйти из труного положения
帮助朋友摆脱困境
4 отать всё за ружу
为友谊奉献一切
5 уметь ружить с окружающими люьми
善于和周围的\'人交朋友
6 Дружа - это лизкие, оверительные отношения.
友谊就是亲近信任的关系。
所谓对比,就是把正反两方面的论点和论据加以剖析对照,达到否定错误观点,树立正确论点的目的。
运用对比要注意所选取的“对体”的正与误、是与非、新与旧的区别要非常明显,要有突出的互相对立的关系;必须要对所要论述的对象的矛盾本质有深刻的认识;可以是人对人、物对物,也可以是纵向比较或横向对照。
当然,以上所概括的这几种论证方法,仅仅使用其中的一种,有时论述也会过于单薄。为强化说服力,许多议论文兼用多种论证方法。不过,使用多种论证方法一定要注意突出其中的一种,才会给人留下深刻的印象。
一、教你几招,学一学:
1、开门见山,直接入题。
叙事为主的记叙文,一开始就可以点明事情发生的时间、地点和有关背景;写人为主的记叙文可直接交代人物或通过对人物肖像、对话、行动等方面的描写,直接入题。例如:
(1唐老师病了。快放晚学时,同学们都难过地坐在自己的座位上。教室里如同死水一般寂静。(《真情》
(2她叫王芳,我读五年级时的班长。尽管我俩分别一年多了,但班长的轶事依然历历在目,难以忘怀。(《有这样一位好班长》
(3父亲抡起锄头,画了个满圈,“嘭“,一个土块碎了。“爸,我回来帮你吧!”憋在心里的话终于吐了出来。漂亮的弧只画了一半,锄头遵循着牛顿第二运动定律,飞向前了。(《父亲的爱》
(4那天,鲜花店门口贴了一张大红告示:母亲节预定鲜花。哦!母亲节快到了,我该为母亲准备节日礼物了。(《母亲节的礼物》
2、写景状物,渲染气氛。
文章的开头从写景状物入手,展示人物活动的环境或交代故事发生的背景,渲染气氛,以此烘托人物,展开故事。如:
(1花开的季节,到处芬芳飘香,而我却无心观赏,因为此时我失去了同窗好友——强。(《同窗好友》
(2太阳落山了,昏黄的光晕渲染了半边天,我寂寞地趴在阳台上。窗外那棵老杨树上,不知名的大鸟仍在不知疲倦地喂食它的小宝贝。它那绿豆般的眼睛温柔而慈爱地注视着意欲飞出温巢的小鸟。这画面,这眼神,让我想起了母亲……(《面对母亲的目光》
(3教室外,呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上,“嚓、嚓”地响。教室里,一场全能竞赛进行到了白热化的阶段。(《心中筑起一堵墙》
3、抒情议论,确定基调。
用几句恰当的议论抒情做文章的开头,或感染读者,或点明主旨,领起下文。如:
(1伴着年关噼里啪啦的鞭炮声,踩着原野初融的残雪,你姗姗走来,明眸含情。你用爱的温馨,使我腊黄的脸庞泛起红晕;你用爱的吟唱,唤醒我迷茫的信念。我,不再忧郁、沉闷、彷徨,也不再坐等、观望、祈祷,我要振作,寻觅、追回你以及你给我曾经编制过的那个七彩的梦幻!(《情寄春风》
(2生日是一根线,一头是我,一头是外婆;生日是一个圈,圈住外婆的笑,圈住我的记忆;生日是一条河,那匆匆的流水,把我的思念带到外婆身边。(《生日寄语》
(3爷爷是我最爱的亲人。我的童年是在爷爷那边度过的。是爷爷拉着我的手,教会我走路;是爷爷使我从小就懂得不少道理。我把爷爷看成自己幼年成长的拐杖。(《我爱爷爷》
4、设置悬念,引出下文。
用悬念开头,能一下子抓住读者的心,激发人们的兴趣和思考,起到引人入胜的效果。如:
(1是为了摆脱那饥寒交迫的日子,你才无可奈何地跳下悬崖?是为了免遭那被俘的耻辱,你才义无返顾地投落这峭壁?(《峭壁上的树》
(2朋友,你听说过鳄鱼是怎样哭泣的吗?你听说过猩猩吃人的故事吗?你知道外星人是怎么来到地球的吗?……哦,你摇头了。可别急,全是它——《世界奇闻怪事》告诉我的,它使我到了课外阅读的乐趣。(《课外阅读的乐趣》
(3我快要死了——
我躺在病床上,四周黑漆漆的一片,十分寂静,偌大的房间里,只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。护士只有到吃药、打针的时候才会进来,而且很少和我说话。我已经习惯了,我不会有太多的抱怨,因为我知道我快要死了。我凝视着窗外,告诉自己要坦然面对死亡。(《感受生活之美》
5、引用诗文或歌词,突现中心。
以诗文妙语、警句或歌词开头,既能激发读者兴趣,也能提高文章的品位。同时,也能揭示文章主要内容,突现人物、事件。如:
(1“慈母手中线,游子身上衣。临行密密缝,意恐迟迟归……”读着这首脍炙人口的.小诗,我的思绪不禁飘散开来,飘向那远在大山脚下守着几亩地辛勤劳作的母亲。(《母亲,你是我一生的感动》
(2“请把我的歌,带回你的家,请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起熟悉的旋律,自己就好像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样,感觉格外亲切。(《歌声与微笑》
(3“母亲啊,你是荷叶,我是红莲。心中的雨点来了,除了你,谁是我无遮无拦天空的荫蔽?”每当读到冰心女士讴歌母亲的这段话,我便不由自主地想起我那矮小瘦弱却独自一人挑负全家生活重担的慈母。(《母爱无边》
6、对比映衬,烘云托月
这种开头通过对比或铺陈,能使要表现的内容在其他事物的烘托下显得更加突出、醒目,从而给人十分鲜明和深刻的印象。如:
(1窗外阳光明媚,几只小鸟在树上欢快地叫着,但我却无论如何也打不起精神来,因为爸爸妈妈分居了,而且正在闹离婚,这对我是个莫大的打击。我要尽最大的努力使爸妈和好,因为我想有个完美的家。(《我想有个完美的家》
(2当你看到平坦的大地上傲然挺立的一排排生机勃勃的绿树,你也许回情不自禁地赞叹大自然那非凡的创造力。绿树是美好的,枯树也有其可爱之处,虽然它青春已逝,生命衰朽。(《枯树》
(3李商隐有诗曰:“夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏”,我惊讶于他的洞察力,然而,夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。(《最美丽的风景》
总结:好的作文开头应做到:一简、二新,三美。“简”就是开头力求简洁、明了,不啰嗦重复。“新”就是开头不落俗套,新颖别致。“美”就是开头能给人以美感,如用生动形象的描写,或借助修辞,或引用诗文。
喻证法是用设喻来论证论点的方法。
在议论文中,设喻可以使论点更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。喻证法能化抽象为具体、化艰深为浅显、化枯燥为生动。
运用喻证法必须注意以下三点:
1、以小见大,就近取譬。要精选生活中细小的、人们熟悉的事物做为设喻的喻体。喻体如果不是读者常见熟知的,就达不到喻证的目的。
2、喻体不求形似,求神似。做为喻证的喻体与做为比喻的喻体不同。比喻的喻体是为了强调特征,描绘事物,侧重形似,以形比形;而喻证的喻体是为了阐发观点,以正视听,力求神似,以义取形。一定要对自己所要论争的对象和用来设喻的事物之间的对应关系进行细致入微的体味与揣摩。
3、精剖喻体,丝丝入扣。《拿来主义》中鲁迅先生的喻证法运用得是很经典的。他用“大宅子”比喻“文化遗产”;用“孱头”、“混蛋”、“废物”来批判三种对待文化遗产的错误观点和态度;用“鱼翅”、“鸦片”、“烟枪、烟灯”、“姨太太”来比喻文化遗产的几个组成部分;用“占有”、“挑选”、“创新”来说明批判继承文化遗产的三个步骤。十分贴切,浑然一体,令人信服并不由得拍案叫绝。
比较法也是一种常见的论证方法,分对比与类比两种。
所谓类比,就是借助某个或某几个类似的故事、实例或写作者安排的情境,进行由此及彼的推理。
用于类比的事物大致有这么几种:古今中外的史实、神话传说、寓言、写作者自己创设的情境等。
运用类比要注意所选取的“类体”要同类,不能相对或相反;在类比之后要剖析,要善于揭示,一语破的,一刀见血。
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ……
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……
6) Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.
7) Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……
8) According to a recent survey, ……
9) With the rapid development of ……,
10 When it comes to…, (当说到…
二、列举观点
I.Some people think/believe that…,
Other argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true
1.Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.
2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.
3.Compared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages. ,
4.Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages.
5....has many advantages.For example,…
6. However,just as every coin has two sides,…has it’s disadvantages.
II…play(san important role/part in……
1.Computers play an important role in science and technology.
2.Computers play a more and more important role in our life.
3.Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies.
4.Education plays an important part in developing our mind.
5.Addiction to alcohol and drugs plays a role in homelessness.
6.Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
7.In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication.But now,telephone,email,and fax have taken their place.
III.With the development of…
1.With the development of our economy,many Chinese families can afford a car.
2.With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious.
3.With the rapid development of Science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home.
4.With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed.
5.With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious.
6.With more and more women entering the society,people's attitude towards women is changing.
7.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up, an increasing number of (a growing number of,a significant number of
families can afford a car.
三、陈述自己观点
There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but…
四、批驳
1)It is true that ……, but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3) Some people say ……, but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that……
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ……
7) Too much stress placed on …… may lead to ……
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ……
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ……
10) No one can deny the fact that ……
11) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
12) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ……
13) Recent studies indicate that ……
14) There is sufficient evidence to show that ……
15) According to statistics proved by ……, it can be seen that ……
五、结尾句型 :
英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨沦的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one/a word,generally speaking,to conclude等外,没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型:
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ……
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ……
3). We should take measures to control the rapidly increasing world population.
4). We’d better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.
5). The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse.
6). Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.
7) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ……
8) In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9) There is no easy method, but ……might be of some help.
10) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ……
11) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
12) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
13) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ……
14) Taking all these into account, we ……
15) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear……
六、其他句型
I、There be结构
There+be+主语+(修饰成分,表示客观存在的\'人或事物。 There must be a lot of fuel in the tank.
There remains nothing more to be done.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is something you don't know.
There is not enough time to do the work. .
II、名词化结构
名词化结构用以表明抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化,从而使语体更加正式、更加具有书面语风格。
1.由of连接主谓关系
That the earth revolves around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
名词化:The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
2.由0f连接动宾关系
One of the most important natural phenomena is that energy is transmitted from one point to another in waves.
名词化:One of the most important natural phenomena is the transmission of energy from one point to another in waves.
3.用of连接含有by的短语,把简单句转换成名词短语
从我们呱呱坠地起,我们的一生就犹如一轮巨大的钟表,表盘上不在是刻度,而是“理想”,“挫折”,“成功”……这样一些文字,而那指针的准确度便关系到我们的一生……
子在川上曰:“逝者如斯夫”,的确,时间有时让人捉摸不透,时间是无形的,而就在这无形的时间里,我们的时钟也随着时光的流逝,开始转动了。
时间的指针指向了“挫折”,于是在我们蹒跚学步时,命运之神发挥它的神力,“挫折”便发挥了作用,结果学步时就跌倒了,这时候,毅力与耐力也随之提高,爬了起来,指针便指向了“成功”。
经过了几番转动,我们也随之长大,进入了青春期,这个阶段,是犯罪的生成率与实施率极高的时候,一些青少年为了钱,而去调整了时钟,使它变快,而他的人生也随之发生了变化,钟表上的指针失去了精准,停留于犯错与与悔改之间,导致了他的心里矛盾,被眼前的利益所蒙蔽了双眼,选择了去抢劫而毁灭了这如花的青春……
到了初三,时间反而觉得不够用,堆积如山的试卷,如潮水般的习题,每天的大脑都被“函数”,“定律”,“元素符号”所淹没,熬到中考结束,这是,钟表的指针指向了“理想”与“颓废”,有的人受不住苦的煎熬,选择了颓废,与自己的理想擦身而过,与大学无缘。
人生中,不需要太盲目,太快地度过每一天,要学会把握时钟的速度与准确性,只有这样,才能把握人生,在属于自己的蓝天下,舞出自己的自信与风采。
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