There was a farmer in the Song Kingdom in ancient China. He worked in his field day after day. In good harvest years, he could only have enough food to eat and enough clothing to wear. If the field failed to produce enough crops, he had to go hungry. This farmer wanted to improve his life. But he was too lazy and too cowardly. He always dreamed of having unexpected fortune.
A miracle took place at last. One day, when he worked in the field, some people were hunting nearby. They shouted loudly one after another. Some little animals were running desperately. Suddenly, a hare dashed itself headlong against the stump of a dead tree in his field and died.
That day, he had a good meal.
From that day on, he no longer worked in his field. From morning till night, he stayed by that miraculous stump, waiting for another hare. Will the miracle happen again?
People often use the set phrase “staying by a stump waiting for more hares to come and dash themselves against it" to refer to persons dreaming to reap without sowing.
在战国时代的宋国,有一个农民,每天都很辛苦地在田地里干活.遇到好年景,也不过刚刚吃饱穿暖;要是遇到灾荒,他就得忍饥挨饿了.他很想能过上好一点的日子,可是他太懒,胆子又特小,干什么都是又懒又怕的,总是想着能碰到送上门来的意外之财就好了。
奇迹终于发生了。一天,他正在田里干活,一群打猎的人靠近了。吆喝之声四处起伏,受惊的小动物们没命地奔跑。突然, 有一只兔子,不偏不倚,一头撞死在他田边的树根上。
这天,他美美地饱餐了一顿。
从此,他就不再种地了,一天到晚守着那个神奇的.树根,等着奇迹再次出现。
人们后来就常用“守株待兔”这个成语来形容那些老梦想着不耕种就会有收获的人。
【汉字】守株待兔
【拼音】shǒu zhū dài tù
【基本释义】株:露出地面的树根。原比喻希图不经过努力而得到成功的侥幸心理。现也比喻死守狭隘,不知变通。 贬义词
【出处】汉·王充《论衡》:“犹守株待兔之蹊;藏身破置之路也。”
【近义词】刻舟求剑 固守成规 坐享其成 墨守成规 好逸恶劳 守株缘木 缘木求鱼
【反义词】通权达变 借坡下驴 标新立异 见风使舵 除旧布新 随机应变
2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
作为当今最有影响力之一的语言学理论,功能语法以社会学为导向,着重语言的功能性研究。其创始人韩礼德从儿童和成人的语言学习角度将语言功能高度理论化。根据韩的观点,儿童所使用的最原始的语言能够被简概为一套高度编码且抽象的功能,其中包含三个元功能(纯理功能):概念功能(ideational function),人际功能(interpersonal function)以及语篇功能(textualfunction)[1]。概念功能进一步被细化为和逻辑功能,表述在我们周围及自身所发生的事情,称之为“内容(content)”。概念功能通过及物性(transitivity)来实现,及物性由六个过程组成,即物质过程,心理过程,关系过程,行为过程,言语过程和存在过程。
功能语法把用来表达一系列概念意义,抽象和具体的外部世界,以及人的意识过程的结构单位叫做小句(clause),即句子或类似句子结构的统称。一个小句包含三个功能成份:过程(process),参与者(participant),和环境(circumstantials)。其中主要成份过程代表事件或状态,参与者即从时间,地点,方式等各个层面参与的人或事功能语法,而具体的参与者功能取决于过程类型。语言的及物性和作格性能够帮助将过程进行归类,及物性把经验世界看作是一套可控的过程模式。简而言之,及物性是与概念元功能相一致的小句语法,及物性分析能够定义不同的过程类型并由此决定过程的参与者,从而明确过程与参与者之间的逻辑关系[2]。
在韩提出的六个过程中,物质,心理和关系过程是最主要的。他们作为经验理论,是语法的奠基石,呈现三种截然不同的结构,是篇章中所有小句的主体。同时,韩提出了一个假设,这三个过程在整个语言中的分布频率大致平衡。然而,他自己也承认,此理论未经证实[3]。韩礼德用来阐释六个过程的小句皆为简短且相互独立无关联的句子,而此后的相关过程模式研究也仅仅探究了口头语篇或主观自创的例句cssci期刊目录。
Wolf, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea, which should justify to the Lamb himself his right to eat him. He thus addressed him:"Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf, "You feed in my pasture."
"No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother′s milk is both food and drink to me." On which the Wolf seized him, and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won′t remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations."The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.
狼和小羊
一只狼瞧见一只迷路失群的小羊,决定暂缓下毒手,想先找一些理由,对小羊证明自己有吃它的权利。它就说:「小鬼!你去年曾经骂过我。」小羊可怜地说:「老实说,我去年还没有出生呢。」狼再说:「你在我的草地上吃过草。」
小羊回答说:「不,好先生,我还未曾尝过草的味道呢。」狼又说:「你喝过我井里的.水。」小羊叫道:「不,我从没有喝过水,因为直到今天为止,我都是吃着母亲的奶汁。」狼一听这话,便抓住它,把它吃下去,便说:「好!即使你驳倒我每一句话,我终究要吃晚餐的!」暴君总有他暴行的借口。
本人在参加英语BEC中级考试取得了不错的`成绩,现把我半年来在准备作文时常用到的一些句型推荐给大家,希望对备考英语BEC的网友有所帮助。
第一部分、BEC作文段首句常用句型:
一、对立观点命题形式的首句:
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general , I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ .
二、单一观点式
A . Agree
1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I agree with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ . 10. Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
1. Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ?
3. These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ?
4. I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ .
10. Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below .
12. Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement .
16. Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
第二部分、BEC作文常用结尾句:
1. Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that_____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ .
7. Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell , I _____ .
10. In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because Good stuff! Wonder why there are so few hits.
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