“滴答,滴答——”“叮叮叮——”闹钟已经响了四次了,不好,又要迟到了!“啊,迟到啦,迟到啦!”我家就是在这样一片喧闹声中,开始每一天,我家就是这样缺少时间观念。
每天早上我都可以睡个“好觉”,但是有得必有失,睡好了就免不了被老师一顿批。可不,手忙脚乱是天天早上的神动作,也是家常便饭。我不吃早饭可以熬到中午,老师对我也常常需要做足思想准备,因为我晚上磨磨蹭蹭,睡得晚,早上常常会迟到啊!家里不止我缺少时间观念,我的妈妈也不列外!
每天早上,在上班只差十五分钟的时候,妈妈才起床,刷牙洗脸只要五分钟搞定,拿起化妆包就往外跑,每一次到公司都是正正好,卡着迟到的点儿到。晚上要睡觉了,她躺在床上,看着电子小说,看到天蒙蒙亮的时候,恍然大悟,这才是要睡觉的节奏啊!这就与白天迟到有着密不可分的联系,早点睡不就不会迟到了吗!
我家实在是缺少时间观念,如果大家都准时,那么我就可以睡上好觉的同时也不会被批了;妈妈就可以在晚上看小说的同时,上班不会迟到了,也不用顶着素颜去上班,而且,如果匆匆忙忙的开车去上班,还有可能发生车祸,还有生命危险呢。
为了我家不缺少时间观念,我也想了很多的办法:我把闹钟调到早上六点半,响八次,我就不信还会起不了床,结果十分不理想,败北;我把妈妈的手机调整到睡觉时间自动关机,但是妈妈又把手机开起来,败北;我在床上贴便签,提醒自己注意时间,结果被妈妈认为乱贴纸条,乱扔垃圾,再一次败北……
天呐,难道我家就永远缺少时间观念吗?我不喜欢这样,我一定要改正这个会循环的坏习惯!妈妈也想这样做,可是这已经是她的老“习惯”了,怎么也改不了了,不行,现在我要给妈妈和自己定一个时间表,让我和妈妈一起努力吧!
伴随着中世纪对罗马法的否定,侵权责任规则也变成了一套野蛮、严酷的刑罚,不追究过错,不要理性和正义,没有权利和自由。这段时间被看成是侵权法上的“黑暗时代”。
罗马法的复兴为过错原则地位的重新确立提供了契机。17世纪法国的让??多马在他的《自然秩序中的民法》一书中指出:“如果损害是作为一个无害行为的出乎意料的结果而发生,那么鉴于没有任何过错可以归咎于行为人,他就不应当对这一结果承担责任。”到了18世纪,过错责任原则在法学界得到了公认。
这一过程是近代理性哲学在法律上的体现。自由资本主义的生产方式为我们带来了个人主义和自由主义的思想。“每一个人,在他不违反正义的法律时,都应听任其完全自由,让他采用自己的方法,追求自己的利益,”[6]“自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。因此,各人的自然权利的行使,只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。此等限制权得由法律规定之。”[7]由此,损害赔偿这一法律关系,也必须是当事人主观意志的结果。正如黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中所说,道德意志只承认对出于它的意向或故意的行为负责任。“行动只有作为意志的过错才能归责于我。”“毕竟我只是与我的自由相关,而我的意志仅以我知道自已所作的事为限,才对所为负责。”[8]康德在此问题上的阐释同样精辟,足以为过错观念存在的支撑。在他看来,行为是自由意志的结果,每个有自由意志的人应对其过错行为负责。人是一种自由的道德的力量,他能够在善与恶之间作出选择。康德认为:对行为的责难,应以理性的法则为基础,理性是完全自由的,而行为就应该由个人的疏忽负责。[9]所以,应从理性世界、从内心意志出发来评价过失。同时,法律上的过失责任又是对滥用自由的制约,其价值在于协调人们之间的意志和意志自由。“一个人和别人相处时必然会滥用他的自由”。[10]法律正是以否定的、强制的形式限制个人的滥用自由的行动。在此,我们再一次看到了过错概念的魅力,将权利行使的自由与合理完美结合,体现了理性与正义。
至此,对过错的认识已基本成熟,其产生发展呈现出一条独立的曲线,他给了人们一个自己的行为应受非难的理由,是理性的必然要求,也将法律的正义融入了个人的行为之中,让我们对法律的敬畏油然而生。然而,垄断资本主义时期的到来,却将这样一个和谐独立的概念打破了,客观过错、无过错的概念相继占据了我们的视野,过错的前面不得不加上两个字-主观,可在我看来,这,完全是一个误解。
Dear mom and dad:
You are good!
This is the first time I write to you, I want to write down the words of my heart.
You I had many of the night was up all night, you how many tears flow to me. I paid you for how much, I return you from, I also know, you must not think I return you anything, but I'll never forget you in mind, the old I will return to the best of your ability, when I grew up in the sun, but you will gradually ageing, worry about and sad that wrinkles climbed up you originally carefree face.
Mom and dad, in your care, I have spent a full of joy for ten years. You have been the best things to me. I have a beautiful bedroom, delicate study materials, the conditions of the outstanding school... I like the little princess "in fairy tale, as well as the growth of carefree. Mom and dad, I want to say to you, you is very kind to me.
For ten years, and you carefully nurtured me, so that I grow up happily day by day. And your own but don't know how much I flow for the sweat and the tears. Mom and dad, I'll never let you down, is you to me put a pair of wings, I'll use that for the most powerful wings and fly, to the vast ocean of knowledge.
For the father loves the mountains, big love speechless. Dad you in my memory is always strict.
I and you seem to be very few joked about. Occasionally you talking and laughing, but with total to feel very at odds after. You are always a mountain that composed speechless. But anyway, I know you did all that is good for me.
When I came to this strange world by accident, the heart also carries a afraid, with wen run is you with love I meet, your love is I came to this world have received the first gift. How many covered the morning mist, you surprise and incredibly staring at me that WenXiang such as roses of little face, in my mind I meditate on to the my blessings. Early morning sunshine through the window, hazy gently in your face evenly spread on a layer of holy golden.
Love is like the silent running water, exquisite moistens at every point. Blustery, sun rises fall, winter passed on, flowers blossom, thanks in your words, I know the world, start gradually thinking. You not only living I to raise me, but also teach me the person, the given me knowledge and tao is "who grass-inch heart, reported in the apartments". Daughter with a mind always touched, but only in small to care and considerate, academic work harder in return. Just as weak grass can only add three points for spring green, and repay the natural nourishing; Autumn leaves only to be born for mud, to repay the tree of raising.
I usually very like reading, you never against, but to buy me a lot of books. By now I can put full of books have a bookcase. You again afraid I read many of the eye sight, and broke in bed to buy a lamp that beautiful the lamp that shield an eye.
Mom, remember the paint of time? Can't stand practice to paint of bitter, you also can really hit me, forced me to go on. Have a period of time, the time to practice painting overload I almost collapse, drab repeatedly that I find very boring. Many times, I almost want to go to all the paper I ripped, but then I was able to hold back. Want to come now, drawing not only gave me to understanding of the love, and paint with the fingers of flexible and the development of the brain, the more developed my perseverance will and persistence. Mother, daughter really grateful to you!
Dad, perhaps you rarely like mother like that teach me what, but you can really affect me a lot. You never is so honest, kind, brave, strong, dedication, and can endure hardships and profound knowledge, you use your good quality affects me, always doing my model. Each time talking with you always make me benefit, always make me understand some of the life philosophy, always important to make my in confused when suddenly enlightened. Dad, daughter really grateful to you!
Mom and dad, you are in their industry elite, and daughter from urinate will you as a proud. You are all so devotion and perseverance, in their children's education is also a method. Mother, it is you that give me the most important a habit: a love of reading. Reading is to my self education is the best way I know to widely browse, many all aspects of the knowledge, people doing things will also be more mature. Mom and dad, daughter really appreciate you!!!!!
Love is the most beautiful in the world language, let us each other love each other forever to pass by stormy night, watch for the arrival of the most beautiful day.
Your daughter
Dear parents:
You are good! Thank you for you when I was growing up, to my care and meticulous care, what I have to ask you can satisfy me. Its always hot in summer, I kick a quilt, every time you gently help me cover the quilt, winter will give me a cup of hot milk before you go to sleep at night.
But your weight to all have no standing in my point of view, only think about how I. Now I have grown up, is not a two year old the child, I want your decision and judgment. Please dont pressure me again, had a lot of pressure on learning, you can put the gas pressure can reduce the?
Although you do not perfect, but what are the parents in the world perfect? Youll always be my favorite people. Is you give me life, let me come to this beautiful world and everywhere is full of love. I must study hard, to repay you.
Dear parents,
“You always say that I am naive. In your eyes, I am always the little girl who will never grow up”. This is my favorite song and also the sound from the bottom of my heart. You made me feel so lucky to be your child. But I find our hearts getting further apart as time goes by.
You strictly forbid me to do entertaining activities even if I finished my homework, such as watching TV or playing computer games. Based on this, I couldn’t get any grade less than A. It is said that genius only means hard-working all one’s life. But I think combining exertion is the best way for learning.
The most important thing to me was that I feel frustrated for having few friends to confide in due to your strict rules. I can’t have a play date, participate in a school play or even choose my own extracurricular activities. Who will accept such a boring and troublesome person? I am just an ordinary girl who can’t stand loneliness, so I always feel contradictory.
On the one hand, I’m grateful to have you in my life, to disappoint you was the least I would do. On the other hand, what you asked for me made me felt like a puppet rather than a real person. I appreciated your efforts to pull me away from a self-indulgent life, but your obsessively extravagant strictness has pushed me into an isolated and insensible one. I need a little freedom so that I will concentrate on something I really interested in.
Father and mother, these words were hid in my deep heart for a long time. I love you, and I believe if you change some harsh rules. I will have a wonderful life.
Best wishes.
Yours, daughter
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